Effect of Violent Video Games on Self-Perception

Effect of Violent Video Games on Self-Perception In their 50th  volume, the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published an article named â€Å"Intense acts of violence during video game play make daily life aggression appear innocuous: A new mechanism why violent video games increase aggression† in which scientists examined the effects of violent video game play on perception of aggression regarding both the actions of one’s self as well as the actions of others, and how these altered perceptions of aggression can then lead to increased aggression in the subjects. In the first experiment the subjects played either a neutral or a violent video game and then were asked to answer questions regarding theoretical aggressive actions taken by the subject or another person. These questions gauged how seriously and how aggressive the subjects considered certain actions, such as shouting or shoving, to be when performed by others or themselves. The second experiment aimed to both reaffirm the findings of the first and further prove that decreased sensitivity to aggressive actions can directly result in an increased level of aggression in the subjects who played violent video games. The subjects again played either a violent or neutral video game, but after the video game, they were asked to decide how much chili sauce another participant would have to consume in a separate experiment. The subjects were told that there was a separate experiment and that the scientist could not choose how much chili to give the subjects in order to prevent bias. The subjects of the original experiment were informed that the subjects of the other, â€Å"fake† study did not like spice, and that they would likely not enjoy the chili. Experiment one proved to be a relative success, but also provided more questions than answers when it was shown that violent video games affect self-perception significantly harder than perception of others. As predicted, subjects who played violent video games rated behaviors as less aggressive than the control group, furthermore playing the violent video game also led to more negative mood scores. Interestingly enough, playing the violent video game did not have a statistically significant impact on the perceived aggression of theoretical actions performed by people other than themselves. In other words, playing violent video games caused subjects to perceive less aggression in their own actions but not in the actions of others. In the second experiment, the hypothesis was again supported as those who had previously played the violent video game chose to administer higher quantities of chili to who they thought were study participants that did not like spice. Essentially it was sho wn that playing a violent video game led to decreased scrutiny regarding the aggressiveness of one’s own actions and as a result led to the subjects subconsciously choosing to cause more discomfort to another person than they might have if they hadn’t played a violent video game. All in all the experiments proved to be a success, the first experiment provided sound reason to believe that playing violent video games leads to a decrease in the self-perceived aggression of our own actions, and the second experiment provided proof that a decrease in self-perceived aggression could translate into an unconscious increase in the aggression of our own actions. It seems that violent video games may have an adverse effect after all, as this study stands as evidence that playing violent video games can influence a person to regard their own aggression with less gravity and in turn act with more aggression towards other, whether they are aware of it or not.

Role of Communication in Health and Social Care

P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care environment.Communication‘Communication is about passing messages between people.’(http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/people/communicationrev1.shtml). There are different types of communication in the health and social care sector. When communication is effective the conversation is clear and no one gets confused by what the other person’s meanings. Effective communication in a health and social care environment is very important and there are many types of it.Being able to effectively communicate with the service user requires the person to be open minded in respecting other people's thoughts and opinions in avoiding passing judgment on what that person is saying. Active listening is also another form of being an effective communicator as it allows you to increase your understanding of that person's thoughts and feelings. Eye contact and facial expressions are also a form of being an effectively communicating as this shows understanding and interest in what the other person is saying, allowing one to hold the conversation for longer with more understanding and enjoyment of the conversation.Formal communication, Informal communication:Formal communication is including writing letters, emails, speaking clearly and using standard English rather than using ’slang’. This is often used to shorten terms and phrases to make it quicker o type when texting and messaging on Facebook. This is used when talking to friends and family, making sure that it isn’t used in the working environment is crucial as tit can be classed as unprofessional. Informal communication can be used in case of emergencies to contact ones manager, and can also be used when one is contacting the client once there is a good understanding between the care worker and the service user. It can help the user to feel more comfortable with the car e worker too.Forms of CommunicationTexting There are other ways of communicating with the service users such at text messaging, this is technologic communication. But this is only an effective way of communicating depending on the relationships between the sender and receiver. For example, one wouldn't text their boss to have a laugh with them, but may text them if they are running late for work or are unable to make it into work on that particular day. Although they may text a colleague whom they have befriended to discuss matters which are non-work related and can also text them to tell them they are sick or that they may need someone to cover a shift for them.Another way that it could be used is if a social worker wanted to communicate with their teenage client, they could so by coming down to their way of communicating. They may choose to do this as it's the preferred way of communicating for teenagers. An example of when this can be used is, ‘What time shall I come see yo u today?' This the teenage will not feel intimidated by the situation in which their social worker is communicating in regards to.Sign Language & Other non-verbal ways of communication.Having the capability to effectively communicate with the service user it does not only mean verbally, it means that the carer can communicate either through verbal or non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is a form of interpersonal interaction by gestures and eye movements.Non-verbal communication skills such as one’s body language and hand gestures improve relationships by helping to accurately read people's emotions understanding what they are feeling, creating trust and responding to non-verbal clues to show that you understand notice and care about what the patient is saying. In such situation where a client is deaf or hard of hearing signing is an effective way of communicating the deaf and hard of hearing. It's effective because signing is the main way to communicate with th e deaf and can sometimes be the only way of communicating with a certain deaf person as this is the only form of communication they may have learned over the years.Music & DramaMusic can be used in a health and social care environment as therapy as well as communication; it may allow service users to understand how they would like to voice their opinions. This can also allow the service user to use technology like computers and laptops to not only listen to music but also for watching dramas which also have morals and give the service user the ability to hopes and aspirations.Pictures & WritingPictures and writing would be used as communication for service users with learning difficulties to help them with speech and communication skills. They also enable the service user to see situations and life problems from a third persons view.BrailleThis is a series of raised dots that can be read with the fingers by people who are blind or whose eyesight is not sufficient for reading printed material. Teachers, parents, and others who are not visually impaired ordinarily read Braille with their eyes. Braille is not a language. Rather, it is a code by which languages such as English or Spanish may be written and read. But this allows the service user to be able to ‘read’. (http://www.rnib.org.uk/livingwithsightloss/reading/how/braille/braille/Pages/what_is_braille.aspx)Written:Newspapers –Inform you about what is going on throughout the world socially and economically. This is a form of communication via the media.Online, )Books – These can be both fiction and non-fiction. The non-fiction is things like biographies. They are communication with the outside world of what the author has done throughout his life or the incidents or crisis’s they have experienced in their lifetime.Magazines – These keep the rest if the world informed with the day to day events of the actor, singers, and other famous and popular people around the world . This is via the paparazzi, it is said that they invade their privacy to keep their fan in touch with what is going in their daily lives.Technological: This is communication that has been made easy by the development of the technology over the years.Computers – This is technology is used for communication, with this you can access the internet and a person can access social networking through this such as Yahoo, Facebook, MSN and so on.Telephone –This technology that has been designed to communicate with someone who is far away from others. They have to pay for it. Sometimes it is quite expensive but it is quite often affordable. When an individual have a mobile phone they do not need to worry about missing a phone call or. These are more modern and convenient as they come is smaller sizes and are easier to handle.P2 Discuss Theories of Communication.Theories of communicationArgyle's Communication Cycle.â€Å"According to Argyle, skilled interpersonal interaction (so cial skills) involves a cycle in which you have to translate or ‘decode' what other people are communicating and constantly adapt your own.† (Whitehouse,2007,P19)Argyle's stages of the communication cycle were when an idea occurs, message coded, message sent, message received, message decoded, message understood.The first stage is ideas occur this is the process where we think about what we are going to say and who to. The second stage, message coded, is where we think about our idea and plan what to say. The third stage is message sent, this is where we speak or sign what we are saying. The fourth stage is message received; this is where the person they are speaking to has listened to what they have to say. The fifth stage is message decoded; this is where the message can be translated if needed to. The final stage is message understood, this is where the receiver can clarify the meaning or ask any questions to clarify misunderstandings. Argyle's theory of the communica tion cycle centres on six core concepts, or, a cycle. The cycle is as follows:1. A idea occurs. For example, the service user’s idea is that they want to buy a car.2. Message coded. This would be them putting their desire of a car into whatever means they wish to communicate with. This may be a language, pictures, writing, or any other means of communication that they can think hold a conversation with.3. Message sent. Here they have communicated their desire for wanting a car.4. Message received. The person they wish to notify of their desire to have a car in this case it would be a care worker who has received our message.5. Message decoded. The service user now must take what they have said and attempt to decode it. Now, â€Å"I want a car† is pretty straight forward0000000, but remember, not everyone is as obvious as this, and this is the step where communication breakdown may occur as they may decode our message incorrectly.6. Message understood. Hopefully the las t step was effective and carer was able to understand what the service user was trying to communicate about. Now the cycle can begin anew, with the start of a new conversation. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Argyle_communication_cycle)Tuckman’s Stages of Group InteractionTuckman described the four distinct stages that a group can as it comes together and starts to operate. This process can be subconscious, although an understanding of the stages can help the group reach effectiveness more quickly and less painfully. â€Å"Stage 1: Forming Individual behaviour is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. Serious issues and feelings are avoided, and people focus on being busy with routines, such as team organisation, who does what, when to meet. But individuals are also gathering information and impressions – about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it. This is a comfortable stage to be in, b ut the avoidance of conflict and threat means that not much actually gets done.Stage 2: Storming Individuals in the group can only remain nice to each other for so long, as important issues start to be addressed. Some people's patience will break early, and minor confrontations will arise that are quickly dealt with or glossed over. These may relate to the work of the group itself, or to roles and responsibilities within the group. Some will observe that it's good to be getting into the real issues, whilst others will wish to remain in the comfort and security of stage 1. Depending on the culture of the organisation and individuals, the conflict will be more or less suppressed, but it'll be there, under the surface. To deal with the conflict, individuals may feel they are winning or losing battles, and will look for structural clarity and rules to prevent the conflict persisting.Stage 3: Norming As Stage 2 evolves, the â€Å"rules of engagement† for the group become establish ed, and the scope of the group’s tasks or responsibilities is clear and agreed. Having had their arguments, they now understand each other better, and can appreciate each other's skills and experience. Individuals listen to each other, appreciate and support each other, and are prepared to change pre-conceived views: they feel they're part of a cohesive, effective group.However, individuals have had to work hard to attain this stage, and may resist any pressure to change – especially from the outside – for fear that the group will break up, or revert to a storm. Stage 4: Performing Not all groups reach this stage, characterised by a state of independence and flexibility. Everyone knows each other well enough to be able to work together, and trusts each other enough to allow independent activity.Roles  and responsibilities change according to need in an almost routine way. Group identity, loyalty and morale are all high, and everyone is equally task-orientated and people-orientated. This high degree of comfort means that all the energy of the group can be directed towards the tasks in hand.Stage 5: AdjourningThis is about completion and disengagement, both from the tasks and the group members. Individuals will be proud of having achieved much and glad to have been part of such an enjoyable group. They need to recognise what they've done, and consciously move on.† (Whitehouse,2007,P19)From Tuckman’s theory it is shown that by the way that people are feeling and the views they have on different topics of discussion. It also has a big impact on if the individual feels as though they belong in that group.

Project Management Assignment - 13761 Words

Assignment 2 ------------------------------------------------- 157.246: Project Management and Systems Implementation PURPOSE 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT PROJECT 2 FORMAT OF THIS ASSIGNMENT 3 USING MICROSOFT PROJECT IN PC COMPUTER LABORATORY 3 File SAVE and BACKUP requirements 3 Starting Microsoft Project 4 THE PALMERS GOLF COURSE PROJECT 4 Project background 4 Setting the Project Start Date 4 Setting default values 5 ï  ¶ Set Current Date 5 ï  ¶ Set the Calendar 5 ï  ¶ Set the Working Time 6 ï  ¶ Set the Project Calendar 7 ï  ¶ Set the Gantt chart bar display 8 Enter tasks in the schedule 8 Durations and Milestones 10 ï  ¶ Set Milestones 10 ï  ¶ Set Durations 10 Designating tasks and†¦show more content†¦ALL later phases of the project are based directly on the information you provide when you first plan your project. †¢ Managing changes This is an ongoing process that begins once you create a schedule and the project starts, and ends when the project is complete. It includes tracking and adjusting your schedule to reflect changes that occur as the project progresses. †¢ Communicating project information This is a very important process that involves communicating project information to clients, project staff, and management. Project management software is productivity software that will assist you in each of these steps. Many professionals find it is among the most productive tools in their skill set. Some Information Systems professionals will find it essential to their jobs while many others will use it only on an occasional basis. INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT PROJECT Project management software such as Microsoft Project helps you achieve your project goal on time and on budget. Computer software can significantly aid in project management as a tool for recording, calculating, analysing, consolidating and presenting project details. However, it is important to note that the software cannot produce or even guarantee a successful project plan, any more than a word processor can produce or guarantee a successful novel. Despite this, Microsoft Project assists you to develop a better plan. It does so in the followingShow MoreRelatedProject Management Assignment3060 Words   |  13 Pages 3. Business Case. 4. Technical Plan. 5. Project Management Method. 6. Strategic Project Management Techniques. 7. Quality Control. 8. Project Monitoring and Controlling. 9. Risk Management. 10. Project Costing and Budgeting. 11. Project Closure. 12. References. Company Profile Tamp;T Co. is a Cochin-based private construction and Architecture Company, established in 1995 mainly undertaking projects concerning building and bridge constructions. The companyRead MoreProject Management Assignment4998 Words   |  20 PagesProjectMinds’ Quick Guide to Project Management By Manjeet Singh msingh@projectminds.com A different kind of copyright No rights reserved. All the parts of this book can be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise. You do not need the prior written permission or authorizationRead MoreCase Assignment : Project Management1147 Words   |  5 PagesCase Assignment: Project Management Summary A Project Manager is necessary for implementing and carrying out a project without delays. The basic requirements for a project, according to the reading titled â€Å"What is Project Management?† (PMI, Inc. 2017) are: Initiating - goal and objective, as well as identify the stakeholders and obtaining an approval of the project; Planning – scope of work, training, documentation, summary, risk and assessment, cost, etc. This is also where we draw on 10 â€Å"projectRead MoreSoftware Project Management Assignment1754 Words   |  8 PagesSchool of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science SEG 4105: Software Project Management, Fall 2013 Project: Mobile Banking Application The goal of this project is to gain real-life practice of project management. In the real world, risks are rampant, project definition boundaries are fluid, and hard work is required to get on top of things. The same holds true for this SEG 4105 project. The Case In order to keep up with its competitors such as Royal Bank of Canada or CIBC, The Canadian Read MoreWeek 5 Assignment (Project Management)978 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Project Management (Week 5: Assignment) Introduction The project manager of a construction company has developed the following network diagram for her building construction project. After receiving the plans, the manager must coordinate a number of tasks. Key areas she want to focus on, is time and risk. â€Å"Planning is responsible for project Time Management. The Plan process selects a scheduling methodology, tool, sets the format and establishes criteria for developing and controllingRead MoreProject Management and Task Assignment Reporting1000 Words   |  4 PagesRock’n Bands[1] A Project Management Decision-Making Game â€Å"Around the world or around the block, Everywhere I go, the kids wanna rock†[2] Your company, Planners R Us, specializes in effectively managing projects. Previous experience has involved conference management systems, commercial construction, and software development projects. A new, intriguing project offers another opportunity to apply your project management expertise. The university you just graduated from wishes toRead MoreProject Management Sample Assignment4110 Words   |  17 PagesAssociation for Project Management (APM) suggests that the project business case provides justification for undertaking a project by evaluating benefit, cost and alternative options. The main purpose is to obtain approval and commitment for investment in the project (Association for Project Management 2006, p.129 and MGT8022, USQ 2013). According to Project Management Institute (PMBOK, PMI 2013), the business case describes information from a business standpoint to determine whether or not the project is worthRead MoreProject Management Written Assignment 1 Essay examples803 Words   |  4 Pages2012-02-MAN-435-OL009: Project Management Written Assignment 1 1. Discuss the principal reasons why project management has become such a popular business tool in recent years. Business has changed in the past 20 or so years. Products are being produced more rapidly and with the introduction of globalization competition has become more abundant. There is a need to become more customer focused but at the same time quicker to market while still reducing cost. Doing business the old way isRead MoreSystems Analysis Design And Project Management Individual Assignment1371 Words   |  6 Pages Systems analysis design and project management Individual Assignment Raad Alteimeh University of North Alabama CIS 625-I03 Enterprise Systems Analysis Design Professor David Nickels System analysis and design Information system analysis and design is a complex, challenging, and stimulating organizational process that a team of business and systems professionals uses to develop and maintain computer-based information systems (Valacich, J. S., George, J. F. (2017). It is a process thatRead MoreMmis 621 Assignment 4 Information Systems Project Management Plan Erp System Implementation Mmis 621: Information Systems Project Management1189 Words   |  5 PagesMMIS 621 Assignment 4 Information Systems Project Management Plan ERP system implementation MMIS 621: Information Systems Project Management Fall 2015 Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/mmis-621-assignment-4-information-systems-project-management-plan-erp-system-implementation/ Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give you an opportunity to apply and demonstrate your understanding of the tools and principles covered in the class to a project of your choice.

The Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance - 1369 Words

Political philosopher John Rawls believed that in order for society to function properly, there needs to be a social contract, which defines ‘justice as fairness’. Rawls believed that the social contract be created from an original position in which everyone decides on the rules for society behind a veil of ignorance. In this essay, it will be argued that the veil of ignorance is an important feature of the original position. First, the essay will describe what the veil of ignorance is. Secondly, it will look at what Rawls means by the original position. Thirdly, it will look at why the veil of ignorance is an important feature of the original position. Finally, the essay will present a criticism to the veil of ignorance and the original†¦show more content†¦Overall, the goal of the original position is to find out a fair and equal way to achieve the principles of justice. Why is The Veil of Ignorance an Important Feature of The Original Position? The main goal of the original position is to set up a impartial procedure so that any principle agreed to will be fair and just (Rawls, 1971). In order to create principles that are fair and just, people must â€Å"nullify the effects of specific contingencies which put men at odds and tempt them to exploit social and natural circumstances to their own advantage.† (Rawls, 1971, 136) In order to do this effectively, Rawls argues that the parties involved have to be situated behind a veil of ignorance (Rawls, 1971). Without being behind the veil of ignorance, and if â€Å"a knowledge of particulars is allowed, then the outcome is biased by arbitrary contingencies.† (Rawls, 1971, 141) Therefore, the restrictions on the particular knowledge in the original position are of fundamental importance (Rawls, 1971). Without the original position, the parties involved would not be able to work out any defin ite principles of justice (Rawls, 1971). The society who does not enact a social contract from the original position would then have to be content with a vague understanding of justice and therefore have very little substance to the agreement itself (Rawls, 1971). The veil of ignorance makes it possible to have a unanimous choice of a particular conception of justice (Rawls,Show MoreRelatedThe Original Position And The Veil Of Ignorance1411 Words   |  6 Pages1. Explain Rawls on the original position and the veil of ignorance. State Rawls’ two principles of justice. Explain why persons in the original position would choose each of the two principles. Explain Rawls on the original positions and the veil of ignorance: Rawls’ idea of the original position is to set up a fair procedure so that any principles agreed to by society will be just principles. His original position is an initial situation where the parties are without information that enablesRead MoreRawls Original Position And Veil Of Ignorance1646 Words   |  7 PagesRawls’ Original Position and Veil of Ignorance Pertaining to Same Sex Unions Charnise Bonhomme University of Central Florida Rawls’ Original Position and Veil of Ignorance Pertaining to Same Sex Unions The in class Rawls assignment focused on justice, and the fairness of how people are treated throughout society. The class, after being broken down into groups, tackled the subjects of why people disagree about what is right, and what is not, and how morals and ethics guides a person’s interest asRead MoreThe Social Contract Account Of Justice By John Rawls1276 Words   |  6 Pages The original position is a major theme in the social contract account of justice by John Rawls. By design, it should be a fair point of view for any person desiring to be impartial in their reasoning, regarding the basic principles of justice (Anderson et al. 2014). When a person adopts this point of view, they imagine themselves in a position of equal persons who are committed to the principles of political and social justice. One of its distinguishing features is the veil of ignorance. In thisRead MoreA Theory Of Justice By John Rawls Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagessuggests rational individuals behind a veil of ignorance would assent to the two primary principles of justice found in Rawls’ ‘A theory of justice’. I will also analyse the extract, in particular debating whether various propositions made by Rawls in this extract are true. Initially it is important to situate the extract of discussion. Section 3 of ‘A theory of justice’ is the opening of Rawls’ argument in ‘A theory of justice’, where he introduces his ‘original position’, stating how rational individualsRead MoreA Theory of Justice by John Rawls771 Words   |  3 PagesOriginal Position â€Æ' John Rawls discusses the original position in his book A Theory of Justice. â€Å"The Original Position and Justification† is a chapter where Rawls persuades his readers into taking the original position seriously. The original position is a position where people are equal and are rational in order to make principles that they live by fair. However, there is a problem with rational decisions being biased, where people will choose principles to benefit themselves. Therefore, the veilRead MoreJohn Rawls : A Theory Of Justice Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesyourself in an original position behind a veil of ignorance. I would say another word for the veil of ignorance can be the curtain of the unknown. I would say the curtain of the unknown because the veil of ignorance is just like a curtain that is put up and behind it no one knows who they are. No one knows their race, their wealth status, their intelligence, their assets, nationality, etc. You know nothing about yourself or yo ur natural abilities. Rawls put the original position behind a veil of ignoranceRead MoreA Theory Of Justice By Rawls1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdoctrines of philosophy. Rawls’ theory, justice as fairness, wishes to take the ideas of traditional social contract theories to a higher level of abstraction. His theory is thoroughly explained through a pre-societal position called the original position, the notion of the veil of ignorance, and the two principles of justice. Rawls starts out by describing the role of justice in a social cooperation and the basic structure of a society. Justice is said to be the first virtue of social institutionsRead Moreveil of ignorance1674 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Position paper â€Å"Argumentatively discuss the strengths and weaknesses of John Rawls’ ‘Veil of Ignorance’ method† In John Rawls A Theory of Justice, he argues that morally, society should be constructed politically as if we were all behind a veil of ignorance; that is, the rules and precepts of society should be constructed as if we had no prior knowledge of our future wealth, talents, and social status, and could be placed in any other persons societal position (Velasquez, 2008). ThroughRead MoreJohn Rawls : A Theory Of Justice Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of an original position in the social contract The original position is a model of impartiality is based from the ‘veil of ignorance†, the principle of rational within individuals, and the idea that individuals choose from self-interest, and as such the individuals who derive the social contract will obtain the most just, equal, and fair society in all political, social and economic aspects of society. Although Rawls has various strong objections on his views to the original position, his ideasRead MoreA Theory of Justice by John Rawls900 Words   |  4 Pageshis class position or social status, nor does anyone know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence, strength, and the like. I shall even assume that the parties do not know their conceptions of the good or their special psychological propensities† (Cahn, 137 – 138). Throughout the entire passage moral theories, specifically about justice are discussed, Rawls explains a way of creating a society that is just and fair. Should there be a type of veil on the principals

Occupy Wall Street Positive Impact of the Protest...

Occupy Wall Street Occupy wall Street is a protest movement in the United States of America which began on September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York Citys wall street financial district. This group was initiated by a Canadian activist and it has led to occupy protests and movements around the world. The Occupy Wall Street movement began as a collective expression due to the current economic conditions in the United States of America. Occupy Wall Street has a slogan which is We are the 99%. This group was initiated so as to address growing income inequality and unequal distribution of wealth in the United States of America between the wealthiest who are few and the rest of the poor people who are the majority In order to achieve their goals the protestors act on consensus- based decision which is being made in general assemblies. Economic and Moral implications involved in this movement includes, Income inequality; Many Americans live below the poverty line. More than a third of those who are extremely poor are children and most of them are living with the single mothers. In the USA the population is high and people who live below the poverty line are many compared to the few who are rich. This is against the virtue theory which describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior rather than rules. High unemployment; The larger percentages of the people in the USA are jobless and this is due to lack of jobs, low paid wagesShow MoreRelatedHow Media Frame Shape Their Framing When Reporting On Domestic Versus International Protests? Essay2050 Words   |  9 Pagesoutlets adjust their framing when reporting on domestic versus international protests? In short, what role does proximity play in framing strategies? Protests are a type of political discourse and demonstration that are not unique to any region or country, even though their subject matter may be. In the following study, I will analyze existing research to focus on protests and movements such as the Occupy movement, Gezi protests, Arab Spring, Framing in the constructionist paradigm Goffman describesRead MoreDemocracy And The Age Of Information Abundance Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy in the age of information abundance: The impact of new technologies to our democratic political system Introduction Never before, in the history of time, has our ability to collaborate and communicate on a massive scale been so achievable. (Papay Timby, 2014) With the emergence of new technologies, there are more individuals that can have better access to media and information. Experts believe that to some extent it strengthens democracy as there are more numbers of individuals takingRead MoreStreet and documentary photography captures a subject or situation in a candid moment. The theme of2200 Words   |  9 PagesStreet and documentary photography captures a subject or situation in a candid moment. The theme of the images can be broad. A portrait of a begging homeless child on a city street to a man walking his dog in an inner city park can remain under the umbrella of street and documentary photography as the photographer is capturing an honest reflection of that particular environment. The introduction of portable cameras has made it feasible for anyone with basic knowledge of how to use a camera to nowRead MoreDoes America Need Labor Unions Today?2811 Words   |  12 Pages English 102 Section 401 November 24, 2012 Does America Need Labor Unions Today? President John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"The American Labor Movement has consistently demonstrated its devotion to the public interest. 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As a result, people campaign for protectionism or a change in currency. In fact, China only represents 5.6% of the world trade in 2003 and the Chinese positive trade balance remains quite constant (On average of 31 $Billion over 7 years ). China only gets a large surplus with the US (175 Billion). In this context, Protectionism or a change in currency could bring more problems than solutions. The best guessRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesacquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabledRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesmanagement. All new opening World of International Management features written by the authors on current international management challenges; these mini-cases were prepared expressly for this edition and are not available elsewhere. Discussions of the impact of the global economic recession on international management in the opening chapter and throughout the book. New and updated discussions of offshoring and outsourcing and the globalization of human capital (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 14 and throughout casesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesper-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data HartleyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory. 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Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham Free Essays

A CBD is a central business district. This is the place where the majority of office blocks are and a large amount of comparison shops and shopping outlets. Also a factor that shows is that the land rent is high leading to the land being used to its full potential. We will write a custom essay sample on Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham or any similar topic only for you Order Now I predict that there are several places in chippenham that could be possible CBD’s. These are as follows: * In the upper part of the town near to the station * In the central high street * On the outskirts of town located in the bumpers farm industrial estate. Out of these I believe that the high street and the centre of the town are most likely to show characteristics of a CBD. Methodology How we can delimit the CBD of chippenham In order to find out where the CBD of chippenham is we are going to have to do one or two of several things. We will use the things that CBD’s have in common and test chippenham to find where these things are most prominent (where the CBD will be). Some of the test that we can use will be: * Finding where the pedestrian density is the highest * Where the larger frontages of the shops are * Where there are a higher amount of fast food restaurants and cafes * We could use the nearest neighbour analysis on the shops * We could use the proportion of the shops and retail outlet compared to the other land used (in the CBD) it would be higher * We could conduct a business index (if we could gain access to the buildings) We have decided that due to a limit of time and recourse we will us the following method to find the CBD of Chippenham: * We will do a pedestrian count at several sites around the centre of the town, counting the amount of people that walk past us in a minute. We will repeat this get an average. * Pace out the frontage of the shop to find if there are any with a much larger space than others (these will probably be the chain stores). * And count the number of fast food and restaurant outlets from the arches to the market place at the top of town, as this will give us an idea of where the demand for fast food is at the highest. Once we have done this we will be able to plot graphs and draw conclusion of where the CBD is. Results and graphs A graph to show the pedestrian density on the centre of Chippenham This graph shows very clearly that as we get closer to the centre of town the density of pedestrians increase which is what we would have expected. Woolworth’s is the place where the highest density is this is the middle of the high street. A graph to show the shop frontage of Chippenham town centre The largest shop frontage is on the eastern side of the street which includes Wilkinsons and Woolworth’s. The largest shop frontage appears to be in the centre of the high street also agreeing with the prediction that I made. Evaluation From the evidence we have gathered we can see that the CBD of Chippenham is the centre of town. The pedestrian count showed a higher density of people in the centre than any other location in the town. There we a high amount of fast-food outlets and cafe in the town centre but these numbers decreased the further a way form town you got. The shop frontage count showed that the majority of large shop frontages were chain outlets and the larges ones we positioned in the town centre. However there were a few exceptions like Iceland which had a high frontage but want located in the centre. We also made an observation that in the north of the town there are a high amount of solicitors and building societies. These are comparison businesses so rely on each other for their trade; this is why they are all so close together. If I were going to this experiment again I would change certain things depending on the amount of money and recourses I had available to me. I think I would try and have a higher amount of people doing the pedestrian counts so that I could have larger amounts of data. This would hopefully improve the quality and accuracy of my results. I would have done the experiment at several different times if day to find out if that had an influence of the data. The experiment was done on a temperate day so I don’t think the weather would have affected the results. I would have done the frontage of the shops with slightly more accurate equipment (measures with instruments rather than pacing). Thins may have had a bearing on the results however I think that the pacing method was fairly accurate. How to cite Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham, Papers

Natural Monopoly of Market Structures

Question: Discuss about the Natural Monopoly of Market Structures. Answer: Introduction There are different types of market structures which presently prevail in different economies. The basic and theoretical markets are perfectly competitive, monopoly, monopolistic, monopsony, and others. These structures are differentiated by the presence of consumers and producers in the market for a certain good or service. In case of monopoly, the number of consumers is so huge that they have no power over the determination of the price. On the other hand, the monopoly market structure is characterized by a single seller of a good or service(Lavoie, 2013). A natural monopoly is characterized by a market where the market itself possesses the potential of advocating a monopoly and creates a barrier against any new seller from entering the market. The barriers can exist because of the markets price structure, cost, geographical location, technology, or any other reason. The purpose of the essay is to find out the reasons behind the government interventions in natural monopoly and gove rnments setting the price charged by natural monopolies at the level where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve In a monopoly market there are many buyers whereas only one seller sells a certain good or service. The market structure presents a utopian situation. Due to the large number of buyers and only one seller the buyers are price takers while the seller is price maker. A monopoly situation occurs in the market due to many reasons. It can be artificially created; it can also occur naturally. Natural monopoly, in most of the cases exists due to the cost structure working as a barrier from entry by the other sellers. Unlike pure monopoly, in natural monopoly, the monopolist plays the minimal or no role in creating such a market structure(Lim, 2015). In pure monopoly, the only seller in the market creates such situations intentionally where no other seller can operate. On the other hand, in natural monopoly no such initiatives are taken by the monopolist, still the market possess some traits which work as barrier for those sellers who want to enter the market. There are various reasons why n atural monopoly exists. It can be caused by the existing economies of scale, very high amount of fixed cost, and relatively low variable costs. The economies of scale states that with the increase in production, the marginal cost of production will fall. This fall is of high magnitude. This makes entry of any new producer in the market so costly that there will be no scope for earning profit. A very high amount of fixed cost will discourage any seller from entering the market. The fixed cost is the cost incurred by the producer even if there is no production going on. Moreover, if it is accompanied with the low variable cost of production which changes as the production amount changes, the barrier becomes stronger. There are also cases where the government creates natural monopoly using policies with subsidy, taxes, and other tools as barriers. Such decisions are taken by the government to reduce the social cost and ensure efficient allocation of the resources. The Australian railway system is state wise divided. The railways of Australia were under the government for a long time. During privatization, the government gave some of its parts to the private companies. Different companies operate in different places. The whole system runs under the guidance of the government(Laurino, 2015). The government also ensures that no two companies operate at the same place as it will reduce revenue for both the companies. The number of people at a place is more or less constant. The cost of establishing a railway system is huge. Hence, creating a railway system that divides the total revenue between the two companies, while the cost doubles, will reduce social welfare. Here, production is cheaper when there is only one producer. This presents a huge potential for the monopolist to earn huge profit from operating in the market. And the situation will reduce consumer welfare as well as the social welfare. To counter this, the government has to intervene. The government works as a shield for the benefits of the consumers. The situation can be depicted as shown below. As the figure above shows, the natural monopolist has the potential of enjoying supernatural profit being at the point where his marginal revenue equals marginal cost of production. MC in the figure above represents the marginal cost curve, and the MR curve represents the marginal revenue curve(Stiglitz, 2015). A monopolist can sell the same commodity to different buyers at a different price. Hence, there are no one to one correspondence between price and output in monopoly. As a result, there is no demand curve in monopoly. The average revenue curve (AR) is thus considered as the demand curve. The monopolist charges the price Pm and delivers output Qm in order to maximize profit. At the same time the monopolist could opt for maximizing revenue. In that case the revenue maximizing condition would equal the producers average revenue and average cost. The producer could offer output of Qr at price level Pr. From the figure, it can be seen that Pm is greater than Pr, whereas, Qr is grea ter than Qm. Hence, from the above situation it can be observed that due to the difference in the market structure the consumer pays more for fewer goods in monopoly(Simon, 2015). The government intervention in the case of natural monopoly is thus needed to make the market fair for the consumer as there are no other ways for the consumer or even the society to get any benefit in the natural monopoly structure. In the case where the average cost curve or average total cost curve is intersected by the average revenue curve, the consumers get more quantity at lower prices. This average revenue curve works as the demand curve for a monopolist. In terms of benefit, the consumer gets the maximum amount of quantity at a price which is much lower than the monopoly price. The consumer surplus remains unaffected here. The producer earns normal profit. There is no cost for the society. The social welfare is the maximum. In case of the natural monopoly, the producers benefit is that he gets to maximize his profit and earns a supernormal profit. The consumers get to pay more prices and get fewer amount of output. This reduces the consumer surplus. The producer surplus may increase from the previous situation. But in the whole process, a certain portion of the welfare is not acquired by any of the market agents. This portion is considered as the social cost of monopoly. This reduces the economys efficie ncy. Hence, in terms of benefits, only the producer gets benefited here as the consumer and the society loses their respective benefits. In terms of cost, the natural monopoly costs to the consumer and the society. The scarce resources are used by the producer to get less output at higher price. This reduces the economys efficiency level. The burden of this cost is not shared by the monopolist. If the government interferes in this situation and creates a policy which states that the price level has to be where the demand curve or the average total cost curve intersects with the average revenue curve, it will work as a price ceiling(Scitovsky, 2013). The monopolist cannot charge the price beyond this price ceiling. This reduces the cost of the consumer and the society, whereas, the producers cost of production increases as he is producing more output. The market structure was supposed to decrease efficiency in the natural monopoly scenario. The government setting the price where the average total cost and the average revenue is equal, introduces the market to a different market structure altogether. This new market structure works as revenue maximizing one, just like in a perfectly competitive market. The government changes the market structure for the benefit of the consumers and the society. This market structure will ensure that there is no dead weight loss. The market being a natural monopoly, presents no scope for the competitors to enter the market, this makes the single producer in the market the price maker. He can make any price he wants. The government setting the price level at revenue maximizing output will balance the market structure and make it more like revenue maximising structure. The dead weight loss which could affect the market from extra cost and reduced by the government intervention can be shown in the figu re below. In the figure above, the red zone represents the dead weight loss which might appear in the society due to choosing the market structure of natural monopoly. On the other hand, if the government ensures that the producer is producing at the point where the average revenue and average total cost curve intersects each other, the dead weight loss becomes zero. In other words, if the market structure changes to that of a perfectly competitive market due to government intervention, the dead weight loss zone disappears(Redmond, 2013). In the given example of Australian railways, due to privatization, some of the rail routes are under the private companies. No two companies operate at the same place, which creates the situation of the natural monopoly. Now if any of the company starts to increase the price of the tickets, the company can increase its profits. But the railway system was created by the government in order to provide benefits to the consumers(Schubert, 2013). Thus, the government intervenes in the price making system and sets the price level at the output level where the average revenue is equal to the average total cost. This benefits the consumers and the society as a whole. The cost incurred by the society becomes zero and the cost incurred by the producer becomes equal to its average revenue, giving the producer the chance of earning normal profit. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the government intervention in the cases of natural monopolies is thus targeted at reducing the social cost or the dead weight loss and help the consumers to afford a good or service. The natural monopoly situation offers a price level which is much higher than the price level in revenue maximizing situation where the government might set the price level to give the consumers a fair market scenario. The Australian government follows the same procedure in order to reduce the dead weight loss and help the consumers by fixing the price at the output level where the demand and the average revenue is equal. If this government intervention was absent from the Australian railway systems pricing strategy, then the profit maximizing price and quantity combination might have led the market to a failure due to inefficient resource allocation by the monopolists. This benefits the society and the consumers. Bibliography Laurino, A. R. (2015). The economic regulation of railway networks: A worldwide survey. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. Lavoie, M. (2013). Teaching post-Keynesian economics in a mainstream department. Lim, C. S. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments. Stanford : Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, mimeo, November. Redmond, W. (2013). Three modes of competition in the marketplace. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 423-446. Schubert, C. (2013). Is novelty always a good thing? Towards an evolutionary welfare economics. In The Two Sides of Innovation. Springer International Publishing. Scitovsky, T. (2013). Welfare Competition. Routledge., (Vol. 103). Simon, H. (2015). Prices and Decisions. In Confessions of the Pricing Man . Springer International Publishing. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. . WW Norton Company.