SWOT Analysis of Nestle Australia Ltd Essay

Official Summary This SWOT (quality, shortcoming, opportunity, danger) report inspects those four territories of another Nestle item in the market. This item has another and one of a kind blend that has never been in the neighborhood advertise retires ever previously. In spite of the fact that this report is fundamentally about the new item, it additionally takes a gander at the historical backdrop of Nestle and goes into profundity about the SWOT of the organization. Presentation and foundation: This territory gives a short review of the company’s items that has just been in the market, its present market, and pertinent history of the morning meal results of Nestle. SWOT table: A one page table that express the qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers of this item. Discoveries: A one page clarification of the focuses recorded in the SWOT table, and positioning it from the most imperative to the least. Proposals: A two page portrayal of the new item, and defense of the decision made by pi cking this item utilizing in any event one of the four investigation focuses. Presentation Settle is the world’s driving food organization. Settle was found in 1866 by Henri Nestle and got one of the greatest food and drink organization. Settle began at furnishing babies food with high caliber. Be that as it may, as of late, Nestle has concentrated on sustenance, wellbeing and prosperity. Since foundation up to this point, Nestle has experienced 6 phases: 1866 †1918: Food items for infants and Powder milk; 1918 †1944: Chocolate, Coffee and Fresh milk; 1944 †1975: Fast food Maggi; 1975 †1981: Fast food items; 1981 †1996: Yogurt and Butter; 1966 †Present: Ice cream. Settle builds up its organization by the method of obtaining; they secure other universal organizations to grow their market. Nonetheless, it additionally faces the danger of controlling their business with an enormous market from various areas. Numerous organizations go into the food business which has expanded the quantity of rivals in this market. Settle has concentrated on discovering andâ developing new items that focus on wellbeing and how to keep up customer’s wellbeing. The fundamental contenders of Nestle are Unilever, PepsiCo Inc., Kraft Foods Group Inc., and Groupe Danone S.A. Through five years, the benefit of Nestle Australia was decline in light of the opposition of different organizations; in 2012 it benefit was 248,505 million. Table 1: Financial of Nestle over the most recent 5 years This report will perceive a few qualities, shortcoming, opportunity and danger for Nestle. The underneath segment has taken a short diagram of SWOT investigation. In the conversation area, the key of qualities, shortcomings, openings and shortcomings are examined in progressively specific. At long last, the proposal for the organization is made. SWOT Analysis Quality Shortcoming 1. World’s biggest refreshment and food organization ($7 billion in income). 2. Moderate item cost 3. Wide scope of item index 4. Research and Development capacities (food and sustenance inquire about) 5. Dispersion channels and geographic nearness 6. Competency in mergers and acquisitions 1. Powerlessness to give steady quality in food items 2. Employees’ security disappointment 3. Client fears to attempt the exceptional blend result of settle 4. High Spending on promoting 5. Frail execution of Corporate Social Responsibility Openings Danger 1. Brand picture (publicizing and advancing focusing on kids) 2. Expanding interest for more beneficial food items 3. Setting up new joint endeavors 4. Utilizations many kind of advertising to advance their item 1. Rivalry 2. Substitute products 3. Food sullying 4. Ascending of crude material cost 5. Pattern towards smart dieting Conversation Qualities As Nestlã © is an incredibly famous brand it has certain key center capabilities. One would be the unrivaled item and brand portfolio. The business offers probably the vastest arrangement of food and bottling works items in its division. It likewise works 29 brands that win more than $1 billion in yearly incomes. With in excess of 8,000 items it is hard for some other corporate to go up against Nestlã ©. Second would be the company’s capacity to develop with innovative work. Nestlã © put more than $2 billion in innovative work in 2011. It’s presenting new and overhauled items consistently, fortifying firm’s upper hand. Third would be the appropriation channels and geographic nearness. Nestlã © runs in excess of 100 nations and has broad dispersion channel everywhere throughout the world, which underpins its tasks all around. Fourth is the center competency in mergers and acquisitions. Throughout the years Nestlã © has been shaping effective associations and obtaining different organizations so as to develop and keep up its authority in the market. In conclusion the brand notoriety esteemed at $7 billion. Nestlã © is known all over the place and has a respectable brand for its items that are utilized by millions consistently. Shortcomings Nestlã © has its shortcomings anyway it is insignificant in contrast with different organizations. One would be its Inability to give steady quality in food items. Nestlã © has been reviewing numerous items from exchange because of food defilement or low quality supplies. This doesn't just damage firm’s deals however its picture just as the business can't control nature of the items. Another would be its powerless execution of corporate social duty. The organization has declared and is associated with numerous projects that plan to make organization more eco-accommodating and improving the workingâ conditions of its providers. In any case, Nestlã © gets a great deal analysis over the adequacy of its projects. Openings Each individual organization is looking to boost their chances, However, when mulled over not many key zones can be considered. First is the expanding interest for more beneficial food items. The pattern of purchasing and devouring just solid food items is a significant move in purchaser tastes and opens up a colossal market for organizations. Presently, Nestlã © attempts to present progressively solid food items because of the pattern. Another is procuring new companies gaining practical experience in creating prosperity items. Numerous new businesses are framing and presenting new items for prosperity or changing the manners in which those items are made. New companies are modest and can without much of a stretch be gained. Nestlã © is concentrating on giving all the more prosperity items and this is an extraordinary chance to extend its portfolio. Another great open door for Nestlã © would build up new joint endeavors. Settle is as of now associated with numerous fruitful organ izations with significant world organizations like The Coca-Cola Company and Android. Dangers Lion's share of the organizations in organizations face dangers on consistent schedule be that as it may, it the activities that should be taken so as to limit future dangers. One main consideration is Food defilement. Despite the fact that it is Nestl㠩’s duty to run exhaustive quality checks of its items, the organization had been purportedly giving sullied food or different items to the market. Such activities hurt company’s notoriety and result in misfortunes. Second would be the pattern towards good dieting. Nestlã © is a significant provider of chocolate and chocolate drinks that have elevated level of calories and because of changing client propensities, will encounter decrease sought after. As the Growth of private marks is quickly expanding, this may have a drawn out impact on Nestlã ©. The developing number of general stores and different retailers are presenting their own mark items that cost less and can without much of a stretch rival Nestl㠩’s item portfolio. Ultimately, rising crude food costs which produces a monstrous effect for all organizations. With a general development of world economy and populace, the interest for crude food will rise. The aftereffect of that will be higher material expenses and crushed edge for Nestlã ©. Suggestions The Entourage’s new thought is a novel, one of a kind and roused item whose tremendous fame will see it taking off store retires and is most likely going to be another progression forward for the Nestle Company. The item being referred to is another kind of grain, which may appear to be dull and exhausting from the start, yet the intrigue of the item lies more in its upgraded reasonableness. The item is a scope of new oat flavors comprising of wheat chips, dried leafy foods (chocolate, vanilla and so forth.). The wheat pieces will be looking like triangles, to accomplish a brand picture and for buyers to relate a straightforward/ordinary item with our grain, so they are continually helped to remember it. The grain is sold inside jugs/jars. At the point when customers purchase the item, they will essentially need to empty milk into the holder and the outcome is a moment oat fix, regardless of whether at home, grinding away, on the transport or anyplace else. The container/can likewise accompany a resealable top, which can be opened and shut freely to abstain from spilling the oat. Other grain items power the buyer to sit and eat, notwithstanding the way that they might be running late and other in a hurry items are melted sugar that just gives a mellow jolt of energy, though our item joins the best of the two universes. Not exclusively does the shopper get a filling, healthy and delicious breakfast, yet they likewise get these advantages without relinquishing time, a significant asset in the first part of the day. Procedure Profiles: Rivalry (Threat)/Brand Recognition Worldwide (Strength) †An everyday issue for firms is the consistent rivalry from different organizations, regardless of whether minor or major. When endeavoring to dispatch an item or potentially keep up its life on store racks, there will consistently be interest for a competitor’s item. Be that as it may, with shrewd publicizing and a major name like Nestle, we can work to guarantee that our item is the thing that individuals are continually discussing. Items are high in sugar and fat (Weakness)/Further investigation into nutrit

Foreign Scientists and Their Contribution in Chemistry

Antoine Lavoisier was conceived in the year 1743 to a well off family and acquired a gigantic fortune at five years old after the death of his mom. A respectable man by calling has contributed a great deal in both concoction and natural science. Antoine Lavoisier is the main individual to term Oxygen and Hydrogen and furthermore was the first to set up that sulfur is certainly not a compound yet a component. He was the main individual to establish that air is a blend of nitrogen and oxygen. His other commitment remembers examines for the field of quantitative science. Amedeo Carlo Avogadro† Amedeo Carlo Avogardro was conceived in Italy in 1776 and his fundamental commitment was in the field of relative atomic mass. He built up the connection between the majority of various gasses at a similar volume and their relating sub-atomic loads. His increasingly noted commitment was the Avogadro law where he set up the molar molecule number to be actually equivalent to 6. 022 x 1023. â⠂¬Å"Niels Henrik Bohr† Niels Henrik Bohr was conceived in the year 1885 in Copenhagen to a teacher of physiology Christian Bohr. Niels Bohr experienced childhood in an environment favorable for scholastic splendor. He contributed in the comprehension of the nuclear structure and the quantum mechanics identified with it. â€Å"Robert Millikan† Robert Millikan the American Physicist was conceived in 1868 has contributed in the field of photoelectric impact and is increasingly renowned for his work on the mass of electron and its charge by the charge oil bead in an electric field technique. This commitment assumed a crucial job in the establishment of compound investigations in later years. â€Å"Ernest Rutherford† Peruse this Practice Test Chem 105 Ernest Rutherford, the New Zealand conceived (1871) British researcher contributed a great deal in compound investigations by finding the three radioactive particles alpha (positive), beta (negative) and gamma (impartial) beams by passing a radioactive beam through an attractive field and afterward sorting these as indicated by the diversion by positive plate, negative plate and the ones which experienced without avoidances. â€Å"J J Thomson† J Thomson the British researcher conceived in 1856 is credited for the revelation of electron and its properties. This nuclear molecule was found when he set the cathode tube in an attractive field and found that these particles are adversely charged and that every one of these had a mass proportion of 1. 759 E8 coulombs for each gram. â€Å"Willam Crookes† William Crookes the British scientific expert conceived in 1832 utilized the vacuum tube made by Heinrich Geisslar to find cathode beams and estimated that there are beams which exuded from the cathode and made the zinc sulfide fluoresce which he had utilized as a covering toward one side of the cylinder. Wilhelm Roentgen the German researcher conceived in 1895 was the pioneer in creating and recognizing the electromagnetic radiation inside a scope of frequency otherwise called X beams. These beams were found while he was inquiring about the sparkle created by cathode beam tube. â€Å"Marie Curie† Marie Curie the French Polish Chemist †physicists was conceived in 1867 is the pioneer in radioactivity inquire about. She found the radioactive particles Uranium and Thorium and later another couple of components Polonium and Radium and all inside the equivalent Pitchblend. â€Å"Enrico Fermi â€Å" Enrico Fermi the Italian brought into the world American researcher in the year 1901 is associated with his commitment to atomic splitting. This was cultivated when he shelled the Uranium with neutrons. â€Å"James Chadwick† James Chadwick the British researcher conceived in 1891is ascribed for the disclosure of neutron.

Punting

Punting Punting is a really relaxing and nice way to spend the afternoon if youre not the punter. My name is Lucy and Im a junior studying civil engineering. Im participating in the Cambridge-MIT Exchange Program for the 2007-2008 academic year along with 24 other MIT students. Its been a week since we came and classes are starting tomorrow. The really great thing about coming to Cambridge is that were invited to all the Freshers (thats what they call Freshmen here) Week activities, like this BBQ: I went punting today with freshers from Gonville and Caius College (one of the 31 colleges at Cambridge University). The term punting in MIT lingo means to relax, chill, and avoid pseting (the opposite of punting is tooling). But here in the other Cambridge, its an actual activity where youre on a river, in a boat, moving along through the use of a big stick. The punter stands at the end of the boat, drops this stick down to the river bottom, and pushes the boat forward with the stick (see picture below). Sounds easy, looks easy, but is actually extremely difficult. I was terrified to be standing up at the end of the boat. My knees were shaking! Between trying to stay on the boat, trying to find the bottom with my stick, and ducking past bridges, I dont think I accomplished much. None of the other freshers on my boat had ever punted before so our boat zigzagged along the river bumping into walls and other boats. Luckily no one fell off although someone came really close. And yes, what Mirat said about Harry Potter is true. I now own a wizards robe and have been dining in a big hall with 4 long tables where I am served a three course meal by waiters and waitresses. But I bet Harry Potter didnt dine with Stephen Hawkings! Yeah, he was at dinner the other day! It was so amazing to see him in person. He is a fellow at Gonville and Caius College (where Im staying) and dines here regularly. Hes in this picture!!! The really pretty panoramic picture you see on top of this page is of Kings College. I walk pass this several times a day and it is definitely very pretty. But what I find most interesting about this college is their cows:

It Is Imperative For Patients On Bipolar Disorder...

It is imperative for patients on bipolar disorder medications, to be aware of the toxicity level, side effects/adverse effects related to the drugs, and the importance to contact a physician in order to take necessary safety precautions. Also, patients need to be taught not to abruptly stop their medication (s) because of the withdrawal symptoms that can be produced and also because patients can relapse, avoid drinks that contain caffeine (that have diuretic effects), avoid alcoholic beverages and nonprescription drugs. For clients on lithium, it is imperative to eat a normal diet with normal salt because lithium can decrease sodium reabsorption which can lead to sodium deficiency. In contrast, low sodium intake leads to lithium retention, which could produce toxicity. Patients need to drink 1500-3000 ml/day or 12oz glasses of fluid because dehydration can raise the level of lithium in the blood. Patients also need to be aware that sweats can make a person to loose sodium. Also, pati ents need to be told to check their kidneys and thyroid frequently if taking lithium over a long period of time. It is important for clients to notify their doctor of any over-the-counter medication. Patients should get enough and regular sleep because irregularity in sleep pattern can precede, accompany or precipitate manic episodes, (Halter, 2016). Health care providers need to see to it that patients get comprehensive education regarding bipolar disorder and the treatments and the importanceShow MoreRelatedPsychhizophrenia Research Paper1333 Words   |  6 PagesIt is imperative to seek treatment for children or adolescents who present with the onset of serious mental illness. Early-onset of illness is a high prediction of poor outcomes for the patient. Severe mental illness diagnoses include schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. 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Creation vs. Evolution Essay - 2251 Words

Creation vs. Evolution There has always been a conflict between the religious world and the scientific world. Whether it be when science first challenged that the earth was not the center of the universe as dictated by the Church, or when it was discovered that the earth was round rather than flat. Both these theories today are widely accepted and the rest of society generally ridicules any persons that believe the earth is the center of the universe or that the world is flat. However, at the time of their discovery, there was massive outcry by the religious community, as they believed it contradicted the facts in the bible. The religious community has always been wary of new scientific†¦show more content†¦Rather both evolution and creation are both correct, but simply two sides of the same coin. In 1992 New York Times took a poll in which about half of all Americans believe that God created humans pretty much the way they appear now. At the same time, the vast majority of the scientific community supports the theory of evolution. There are two reasons for this discrepancy. Firstly, most of the general public is not fully aware of what evolution is. And secondly, the religious ideals that have been ingrained in North American society dictates the one creator God, and therefore most people refuse to believe in evolution. To emphasize this difference in opinion, I will explain some of the extreme beliefs on both the creationist side and the evolutionist side. Much of the religious world (Christians, Jews and Muslims) believe that the world was created pretty much the way it is today. The reason they believe this is due to their literal understanding of the Bible. Many believe that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the story of Creation, written [in the bible] long before all others is completely accurate(Cooper 45). Furthermore, they believe that [n]othing could be so exact and descriptive (Cooper 45). 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Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Research Free Essays

string(78) " because there are lots of misleading results obtained through animal esting\." UUB 3023 | CRITICAL THINKING| WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY NAME| 😠 SIFAJEE | TITLE| 😠 ANIMALS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA| Abstract There is no doubt that throughout the centuries, animals have played a central role in medical research in Malaysia. Many of the treatments available for serious illnesses we have today have come from animal experimentation. There has been recorded that the use of animals in research has been going on as far back as the Greek writings. We will write a custom essay sample on Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the history, Aristotle who lived in 384-322 BC was the first to use living animals in experiments; whereas Galen, a physician in second-century Rome, was known as the â€Å"father of vivisection† from his experiments on living pigs. However, these experiments were not conducted in the name of clinical research; they were done to gain knowledge about the animals themselves. In that period of time, man was not set next to animals in comparison of physiology or any other way because man was seen as a creature above the animal. From century to century, new ideas were developed when Darwin came with his theory of evolution. His theory made a path that linked human with animals; and encouraged researches to be done on different animals to learn how human physiology worked. Even though many believed animal experimentation is important for clinical study, some claimed that it is against the humanity. Many debates have been carried out to argue whether the animal testing is crucial or cruel. The writer believes though many have heard of this matter, yet people need to know about the adverse effects it plays in the toxicology field. TABLE OF CONTENTS | | Page| | Abstract| 2| | Table of Contents| 3| Introduction| 4| | Argument 1| 5| | Argument 2| 7| | Counter Argument Refutation| 9| | Conclusion Recommendations| 13| | References| 15| Introduction Toxicology is the scientific study of interactions between chemicals or other biohazards to living organisms and their systems; and how to prevent poisoning of such substances in application to human beings. Toxicologists often practice animal experimentations call ed â€Å"vivisection† in order to identify the effects of certain dose of drugs in animals; whether it is beneficial or become poisonous. Vivisection also include procedures such as infecting animals with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, and blinding to administer the impacts those acts have on these animals, and then, the theories created later can be practiced to enhance the human well-being. Nowadays, many animals in Malaysia are being used in toxicology field for clinical experiments, which cause more animal extinction in our country. Many people have been aware of this matter and this polemic has led to many arguments on whether it is really necessary to use animals in clinical study. Even though some people had argued that it is necessary to conduct clinical research on animals, it is believed that the act is no more applicable. The writer claims that animal testing or â€Å"vivisection† is inappropriate for clinical research in Malaysia because the results can be misleading and cause sufferings to animals. Argument 1 Firstly, an animal has a total different DNA and nervous system from a human and therefore you can’t rely on the results. It is claimed that bypass surgery is conducted to save the life of human beings, but the same bypass surgery can be fatal to animals. Similarly, paracetamol is a well-known medicine to cure headache on human, but it will kill a cat, goat or horse. Many of the animal experiments are not only horrible to the animals, but also unreliable. There are tremendous physiological variations between animal and human. According to a source (http://www. veganpeace. com/animal_cruelty/animal_testing. htm), it is stated that: â€Å"Drugs like ‘thalidomide’, ‘zomax’ and DES were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences for the humans who used them. More than half of the prescription drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1976 and 1985 were withdrawn from the market or relabeled because of the serious side effects they had on humans. They had all been tested on animals. † It has long been stated that animal testing can certainly be downright contradictory in the results it provides, as well as merely misleading (Dappleshade, 2012). According to the Medical Research Modernization Committee, human data has historically been interpreted in light of laboratory data derived from nonhuman beings. This had turned out to downtrodden medical consequences. For an example, retrospective studies on human patients, in the early 60’s, had already shown a strong correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Unfortunately, almost all experimental efforts on producing lung cancer in animals had failed (Medical Research Modernization Committee). Likewise, the relationship between alcohol consumption and cirrhosis (a liver disease caused by frequent alcohol consumption) is undeniable in human. However, experimental tests conducted to produce cirrhosis by excessive alcohol ingestion have failed in all animals except baboons. On the other hand, the case of polio research in animal models has directed to a misunderstanding of the mechanism of infection and it caused failed preventing measures and delayed the development of the vaccine. During the experimentation on monkeys, it has shown that the virus was transmitted via respiratory organs. When the vaccine tested with monkey’s cell, it has shown positive results. Eventually, the vaccine did not help in producing expected changes in human, and medical researchers found out later that the viruses of polio disease were actually transmitted through the digestive route in human. In short, it is clear that we should not rely on experimental studies in animals due to lots of misleading results and misunderstandings it catered. In Dr. Andrew Knight’s â€Å"The Costs and Benefits of Animal Experiments†, it is stated that in a study of twenty randomly chosen cases, only two proved useful in further developing medicines and consistent with clinical trial data. Medical historians argued that key discoveries in fatal diseases in human were achieved mostly through observation of patients and human autopsy because there are lots of misleading results obtained through animal esting. You read "Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Research" in category "Essay examples" It causes health warnings to be delayed for years, while thousands of people died of various diseases (Medical Research Modernization Committee). Argument 2 Secondly, animal testing or â€Å"vivisection† is inappropriate for clinical research because it causes horrific sufferings to animals. Masses have been debating on the issue that vivisection process is unethical because the helpless animals are harmed and it caused prolonging sufferings to them. Animals being sacrificed in the name of medical testing are not presented in objective ways by animal rights organizations in Malaysia. Hence, the general development of animal welfare-opinions has become more engaging. The fact why animal experimentation is against by the community is because the processes is not ended just by giving an animal a pill and see what it does, this is so much ahead than that. This include the action of applying animals with drugs, infecting it with diseases, poisoning for toxicity testing, brain damaging, maiming, blinding and other painful and invasive procedures (Anti-Vivisection Society, 2012). Furthermore, many people think that only mice and rats are being used in animal testing for clinical research. Most people don’t aware that actually rabbits, hamsters, cats, dogs, pigs, horses, goats, chickens, frogs, birds, monkeys and many more are being killed redundantly each year in laboratories. We can’t imagine what will happen to the animal’s population if this activity continues further. In addition, the protocols in animal experimentation turned out to be extremely heart-wrenching, where it includes procedures such as long-term social isolation, full-body restraint, electric shocks, withholding of food and water, or repeatedly breeding and separating infants from mothers. Animals suffer excessively when the medical practitioners break their legs, burn them, cut them open while they’re still alive, poison them and remove half their brains, spray fluids in their eyes and so on (Lithium Queen, 2010). The Anti-Vivisection Society further claimed that essentially, it is using animals in ways that cause distress or death in attempts to test the safety of drugs and biological products or finding treatments, prevention, and cures for human diseases. The other point to be noted is that animals are being sacrificed unnecessarily in order to maintain the human wellness. This is totally a failure of logic. Animals in laboratories live in an intimidating environment within barren cages and experience unnatural lives of daily deprivation. The highly unnatural laboratory environment constantly stresses them. Most of the animals never get the chance to inhale fresh air nor relish sunshine. They are unable to convey their will, make choices, or exert their natural behaviors and needs. The changes that come into their lives are obviously from the intrusive experiments, which range from comfortless ‘zone’ to excruciation. Yet, they are helpless to defend themselves. Animals are not facing natural deaths in laboratories. The viruses that induced into their cells for testing may infect them vigorously and cause them to encounter death gradually. According to a research, it is stated that the viruses transmitted to animals affects the entire organism by altering pulse, blood pressure, hormone levels and immunological activities to their death. In short, it is totally unethical to conduct animal testing for clinical researches as the adverse effects it has on the animal itself. Peter Singer wrote Animal Liberation in 1975, which has been a major formative influence on the modern animal rights movement. He wrote that â€Å"there are obviously important differences between human and other animals, and these differences must give rise to some differences in the rights that each have. † This is meant in a way that justifies the needs and rights every animal have. Thus, there is no reason to necessarily give an animal what you would have given a man (Dappleshade, 2012). Counter Argument ; Refutation However, there are those who argue that animals should be used for clinical research in Malaysia. The main reason why animals should be used is that animals are more likely resemble to human and they are more accountable to be in replace of human being for clinical studies. Animals are surrogates for humans. The basic reason for animal trials is to determine two issues before any new compound introduced to a human; safety and efficacy, whether a compound is safe for human ingestion and also whether a product works for its intended purpose (Laura Blue, June 17, 2008). In the perspective of doctors and scientists, animal testing is very important for medication and the humanity as a whole. Advocates of animal testing say that the outcomes of testing on animals are the most credible. Millions of medical discoveries decades ago were achieved through animal experimentations. According to the published journal Animal Testing in Medical Research, n. d, one of the most important discoveries was the discovery of insulin in humans. Insulin is secreted from the pancreas. In 1889, a pancreas from a dog was removed to prove its role in digestion. When the pancreas was removed, the researchers discovered flies swarming around the urine of the dog. They found sugar in the urine which proved the connection between pancreas and diabetes. For the following two decades a lot of researches were done on dogs to figure out how to keep the dog alive without its own insulin production. Similarly, a lot of medical researches involving animals have been conducted to study the correlation it applies on human, and hence, enhance the wellness of human being. Some of the successful discoveries that has helped human from last centuries are as follows: †¢ Kidney transplants †¢ Replacement heart valves †¢ Polio vaccine †¢ Hip replacement surgery †¢ Heart bypass operations †¢ Drugs to treat mental illness †¢ Drugs to treat stomach ulcers, asthma and leukemia Drugs to control transplant rejection †¢ Life-support systems for premature babies It is affirmed that animal testing is important because in the absence of human data, research with experimental animals is reliable for detecting important toxic properties of chemical substances and for estimating risks to human and environmental health. A medical student from the Oxford University, Kristina Cook, had argued that if this fundamental research is stopped, we won’t find a cure for cancer, a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, a vaccine for AIDS, a therapy for Alzheimer’s and a cure for paralysis. She insisted that any further advances in medicine and human health are absolutely dependent on animal research. Moreover, if to compare who is better to be used to conduct an experiment, of course people will choose animals instead of themselves, even though they realize that animals are also important creatures in our life (Daniyar, 2012). From the drugs testing on animals, now we have antibiotics and vaccines that have saved many people lives. According to Dr. Jane Goodall, n. , he said that, people got used to take all conveniences from life and forget that all those depend on medical researches on animals. In addition, the remedy that now saves thousands of women fighting with breast cancer was developed through medical testing on mice. According to Batul Nafisa Baxamusa, 2010, in DNA level, chimpanzees’ body matches up with humans’ in 90%. This big number facilitates successful surgeries and transplantations because of similar inner organs of chimpanzees with huma n’s organs. According to University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), liver from baboon was successfully transplanted to a 35 year- old man in June 1992. This case was the first known transplantation from animal to human. It is the best example of how animal testing has resulted in saving human lives. In spite of opinion that using animals for people’s curing is wrong, we can’t deny that fact that annually millions of animals are killed for food; they are used for agriculture, hunted for pleasure of people and even euthanized (Natalie Kustcher, n. ). In that case, using animals to treat and save people’s lives by using their organs in surgeries, wouldn’t be the worst deal. Nevertheless, this argument can be refuted because it has been proven that with the availability of modern alternatives now, animals testing can be considered as useless. With the development of technology in science, various new alternatives have been found to replace the experiment on animals. Studies can be undertaken upon human cell cultures and engineered tissues, than testing on animals. According to a published journal, Animals in Research: The Importance of Animals in the Science of Toxicology (2006), one alternate way is by applying ‘vitro’ tests (meaning) laboratory tests using cell or organ cultures rather than whole organisms. In other cases, organisms such as worms or bacteria are used instead of mammals. In replacement of animals, computer models can also be developed to predict outcomes of the test carried out. The viable options were meant to produce more accurate results on the clinical research and to prevent more animals from being harmed. The cloning of human organs and examining within the cell cultures are now scientifically proven to produce more reliable data to human autopsy and therefore, the need for animal testing will be no longer become an issue. Referring to a reliable source (http://www. newscientist. com/article/mg15120450. 300-pioneers-cut-out-animal-experiments. html), a company by the name of Pharmagene Laboratories in the United Kingdom utilises only tissue cultures and computer modelling on its drug development and testing. The existence of this company shows that the need for animal experimentation is now no longer the case. Medical practitioners by all means can now consider replacing vivisection on animals with cloning of organs and safely test on it. By this way, no one gets hurt, and eventually it doesn’t cost as much as animal testing. Many people may believe that modern alternatives are much more expensive than animal testing because that is what the pharmaceutical industry keeps telling them. It indeed costs quite an amount of money to switch from old techniques to new ones, but eventually it will be worth it. It is a one-time investment, whereas with animal testing; you have to keep paying for it. The cost to rear, feed and maintain animal subjects is extremely high, whereas the alternative methods are cheaper and thus less burdensome on the economy. So despite what the industry claims, animal testing is more expensive than the use of modern alternatives (LithiumQueen, 2010). Conclusion Recommendations To sum things up, the writer would like to uphold once again that animals should not be used for clinical research in Malaysia. Through time, the welfare of the animals has come into focus, and several legislations have been made to prevent cruelty and unnecessary acts. Even though many medical breakthroughs have been a result of animal researches, we should only be grateful to the animal tests of the past for the benefits they have provided us, without seeing a need for animal tests in the future (Dappleshade, 2012). Despite of the arguments that animal experimentation must be conducted because animal pathology is similar to that of humans, we should aware more on the consequences that the misleading results animal testing has played, and that using animals in laboratories cause horrific sufferings to them. There are more negative effects imposed by animal experimentation than the benefits it has provided us with. A professor of philosophy, Professor Charles R. Magel made his statement that: â€Å"Ask the experimenters why they experiment on animals, and the answer is: ‘Because the animals are like us. Ask the experimenters why it is morally okay to experiment on animals, and the answer is: ‘Because the animals are not like us. ‘ Animal experimentation rests on a logical contradiction. † In Europe, a research foundation called 3Rs is being implemented in order to find solution to the abundance number of animals sacrificed in the name of animal testing. The term 3Rs stands for Replacement, Reduction and Refinement. This implies the concept to replace animal testing, to reduce the number of animals used in testing, or to refine methods to minimise the distress for research animals. This kind of research foundation should be implemented in Malaysia as well, to promote good science with no animal experimentation in future. In conclusion, with the new technology lead to viable alternatives and more humane methods like use of cell cultures and imaging, it is hoped that the number of animals used in medical research can be tremendously reduced. References * Christine Egerszegi- Obrist, 3R Research Foundation (n. d). Good Science with Less Animal Experimentation. Available at http://www. forschung3r. ch/ * Dappleshade, Debate. org (2012). Animal Testing should be Banned. Retrieved from http://www. debate. org/debates/Animal-testing-should-be-banned/1/ * Kristina Cook (April 4,2006). Why Animal Research is Important AND Needed: A Copy of the Speech I Gave on the February 25th Demonstration. Retrieved from http://www. protest. org. uk/2006/04/why-animal-research-is-important-and. html * Laura Blue (June 17, 2008). How Much Does Animal Testing Tell Us?. Retrieved from http://www. time. com/time/health/article/0,8599,1815241,00. html * Lee Bowman, Scripps Howard News Service (2011). Animal Testing: Crucial or Cruel?. Retrieved from http://www. abc15. com/dpp/news/national/animal-testing%3A-crucial-or-cruel * LithiumQueen, Mibba Creative Writing (2010). The Cruelty of Animal Testing. Retrieved from http://www. mibba. com/Articles/Science/3703/The-Cruelty-of-Animal-Testing/ * Marte Thomassen, Ellen Trolid, Tonje Arondsen, Marit Gystol (n. d). Animal Testing in Medical Research- Past, present and future. Retrieved from http://www. nt. ntnu. no/users/clabec/pdf/MedicalResearchAnimalExperiments. pdf Medical Research Modernization Committee (2006). A Critical Look at Animal Experimentation. Retrieved from http://www. mrmcmed. org/Critical_Look. pdf * Neavs. org (n. d). Alternatives in Testing. Retrieved from http://www. neavs. org/alternatives/in-testing * The Society of Toxicology (2006). Animals in Research: The Importance of Animals in the Science of Toxicology. Retrieved from http://www. toxicology. org/ai/air/AIR_Final. pdf * Wanda Embar (2008). Animal Testing. R etrieved from http://www. veganpeace. com/animal_cruelty/animal_testing. htm How to cite Animals Should Not Be Used for Medical Research, Essays

Thats my choice free essay sample

I have always been a person who is not afraid to formulate my own opinions. Ever since I was young I have been a tough one to sway. My parents once told me that even about the smallest things like certain flavor of ice cream, and I always knew what I wanted. However this does not mean that I am stubborn and refuse to accept change. Change, actually, is something I have come to accept will always be necessary if the world wants to see improvement. In the current world we are living in today, we certainly need a lot of change, change necessary to ensure the continuation of comfortable and civilized humanity. In my sophomore year of high school I had an attitude as rebellious as can be; I was constantly questioning why things are the way things are the ways they are. I could not fathom the fact that there were so many flaws in almost every way our society works. We will write a custom essay sample on Thats my choice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I gained knowledge of the corruption and fallacies in our political systems expressed through music, fearless radio stations and powerful advocates. They taught me of the endearing situations much of the world and many people even in our country of America endure. The imprisonment of figureheads such as Mumia Abu Jamal and treatment of third world countries as a result of the economic system enraged me. I read publishings, essays, and listening to audio clips of whatever I could find enriching my knowledge of the truth of how the world works. Through teaching of respected elders such as Jacque Fresco, the man responsible for my awareness of the importance of sustainability, and the legacies of past civilizations I formed ideals which I hold most important to myself. I learned that the what is key in life is health, I have consistently worked out and kept in shape since the age of fifteen, I only eat what is organic and reluctantly eat what has been mass produced when it is necessary . Knowledge, something that I will always value and expand upon, however it was not until later years when I fully understood how to do. Also, respect and stewardship of the environment, people such as Thomas Malthus, Garrett Hardin, the previously mentioned Jacque Fresco, and many others encouraged this upon me. At the the mere age of fifteen and sixteen, I was founding my core values and I thought I had all these answers. Who could blame me for refusing to â€Å"enslave† myself to a system which I thought was a cause for the world problems and unfairness. It was not that I did not have the capacity achieve the grades expected during these years, I was simply incapacitated from working for a system which I saw as my adversary, it would just be incongruous. However, besides from the fact my grade point average suffering during this period as a result of my divergent attitude, I would never take back the way I developed through this time. Without them I think it would prevent me from accomplishing what I must in life. As I grew older I began to get antsy, my usual routine was not enough to give me a sense of complacency and I decided that enough time had been wasted sitting around. My times of being a â€Å"coffee shop revolutionary† were coming to an end. This was around the time of my Junior year summer when I volunteered to work at a mentally handicapped daycare center. I learned quite a bit from working there and had the chance to observe how the more blue collar and working class of America functions. When I look back on it, this was actually one of the most beneficial turning points in my life, this is because during this time I matured. I got somewhat a slap in my face when I realized that if I were to carry on the way I was going I would end up with the image of your spurious and ignoble screw the system, but why? I do not really know, kind of person. This is not what I intend to be at all. From that point I made my main focus becoming a p erson which people can look up to and hopefully follow, a person whose footsteps should be trod in, not a person who simply struggles to get by. I realized that my enemy was not the school system or the government, these were just entities run by people who many times do not know or understand the effects or their actions. School became a top priority, it was the only way which I could gain respect from a public view, and at the same time gain the knowledge which was and still is so important to me. Having done so, I have actually noticed that I am not too dim a bulb, understanding what is taught to me in school is not only extremely beneficial, but fun, too. I do not mean to brag but even though I was advised against taking an AP, I have consistently been receiving the highest grades in the class. I could not be happier that my immature and almost self destructive younger years are over, now is my time to blossom. With my recent studies I have come to develop a better understanding of how the world works, may I point out the irony at its finest. The world is facing a plethora of serious issues requiring assiduous effort to solve. The ones which have been brought to my main concern are the issues concerning the environment. These problems are serious and could lead to serious loss in human life and a massive deficit in the economy. I have joined my school environmentalism club, club green, and attended seminars held by the Green Village Initiative, a group which supports funding, staff and partnership to individuals and groups committed to the environment and community. These two things, on top taking AP Environmental Science, have caused my powerful revolutionary spirit to shift gears and smarten up. I now understand that many of the major problems we face today can be best described by the quote by Oystein Dahle, the former vice president of Esso, communism collapsed because it didnt show the economic truth, capitalism will collapse because it doesn’t show the ecological truth. My life has been gifted by this knowledge and I have found what I must work towards. Whether I will ever make a difference and help prevent any of the impending dangers humans faces through the destruction of our environment is not clear, but it is definitely something I deem worth. In fact, I feel it is my duty, how can a person who is aware of these facts allow the world to live on in a sea of ignorant bliss, day by day coming closer to their demise. That just does not seem morally logical to me. The way the world used to work based off the ideals of mass consumption and exponential growth, just are not environmentally sustainable anymore and our civilization is going to need change. I intend on to go to college to attain the best possible education I can, strengthening my chances on aiding the stoppage of our human mistakes. Creating technologies with less of an environmental impact, learning and working toward the means of increasing the magnitude of the environmental movement, and fixing human health issues are all in my sights. To a certain degree I also will work toward becoming a minor form of a renaissance man, what I mentions are my main goals in life there is much more to live for like my intentions to improve my skill of producing music and my knowledge of history. I do not think like your run of the mill kid, yet neither am I your cream of the crop student, but when given motive, I can work. I used to live by the motto, knowledge and health reign supreme, but what do those mean without action? I have learned from my mistakes and now is the time for me to act, and in the words of the but one of the many great revolutionists Peter Tosh, I must fight on, because actions speak far louder than words.

Encapsulation in Computer Programming

Encapsulation in Computer Programming Encapsulation in programming is the process of combining elements to create a new entity for the purpose of hiding or protecting information. In object-oriented programming, encapsulation is an attribute of object design. It means that all of the objects data is contained and hidden in the object and access to it is restricted to members of that class. Encapsulation in Programming Languages Programming languages arent quite so strict and allow differing levels of access to an objects data. C supports encapsulation and data hiding with user-defined types called classes. A class combines data and function into a single unit. The method of hiding details of a class is called abstraction. Classes can contain private, protected and public members. Although all the items in a class are private by default, programmers can change the access levels when needed. Three levels of access are available in both C and C# and an additional two in C#Â  only. They are: Public: All objects can access the data.Protected: Access is limited to members of the same class or descendants.Private: Access is limited to members of the same class.Internal: Access is limited to the current assembly. (C# only)Protected Internal: Access is limited to the current assembly or types derived from the containing class. (C# only) Advantages of Encapsulation The main advantage of using encapsulation is the security of the data. Benefits of encapsulation include: Encapsulation protects an object from unwanted access by clients.Encapsulation allows access to a level without revealing the complex details below that level.It reduces human errors.Simplifies the maintenance of the applicationMakes the application easier to understand. For the best encapsulation, object data should almost always be restricted to private or protected. If you choose to set the access level to public, make sure you understand the ramifications of the choice.

Analysis of Snow by Charles Baxter

Analysis of 'Snow' by Charles Baxter Charles Baxters Snow is a coming-of-age story about Russell, a bored 12-year-old who apprentices himself to his older brother, Ben, as Ben dangerously attempts to dazzle his girlfriend on a frozen lake. Russell narrates the story as an adult looking back on events many years after theyve taken place. Snow originally appeared in The New Yorker in December of 1988 and is available to subscribers on The New Yorkers website. The story later appeared in Baxters 1990 collection, Relative Stranger, and also in his 2011 collection, Gryphon. Boredom A sense of boredom pervades the story right from the opening line: Twelve years old, and I was so bored I was combing my hair just for the hell of it. The hair-combing experiment - like many things in the story - is partly an attempt to grow up. Russell is playing Top 40 hits on the radio and trying to make his hair look casual and sharp and perfect, but when his older brother sees the result, he just says, Holy smoke [†¦] What did you do to your hair? Russell is caught between childhood and adulthood, yearning to grow up but not quite ready for it. When Ben tells him his hair makes him look like [t]hat Harvey guy, he probably means the movie star, Laurence Harvey. But Russell, still a child, innocently asks, Jimmy Stewart? Interestingly, Russell seems perfectly aware of his own naivete. When Ben chastises him for telling an unconvincing lie to their parents, Russell understands that  [m]y unworldliness amused him; it gave him a chance to lecture me. Later, when Bens girlfriend, Stephanie, persuades Russell to feed her a piece of gum, she and Ben burst out laughing at the sensuality of what shes put him through. The narrator tells us, I knew that what had happened hinged on my ignorance, but that I wasnt exactly the butt of the joke and could laugh, too. So, he doesnt understand exactly what has happened, yet he recognizes how it registers with the teenagers. He is on the cusp of something, bored but feeling that something exciting might be around the corner: snow, growing up, some kind of thrill. Thrills Early in the story, Ben informs Russell that Stephanie will be impressed when he shows her the car submerged under the ice. Later, when the three of them start walking across the frozen lake, Stephanie says, This is exciting, and Ben gives Russell a knowing look. Ben intensifies the thrill hes giving Stephanie by refusing to confirm what he knows that the driver escaped safely and no one was killed. When she asks if anyone was hurt, Russell, the child, immediately tells her the truth: No. But Ben instantly counters with, Maybe, offering that there might be a dead body in the backseat or the trunk. Later, when she demands to know why he misled her, he says, I just wanted to give you a thrill. The thrills continue when  Ben gets his car and starts spinning it on the ice on his way to pick up Stephanie. As the narrator says: He was having a thrill and soon would give Stephanie another thrill by driving her home across ice that might break at any time. Thrills did it, whatever it was. Thrills led to other thrills. The numbing repetition of the word thrill in this passage emphasizes Russells alienation from - and ignorance of - the thrills Ben and Stephanie are seeking. The phrase whatever it was creates a sense that Russell is giving up hope of ever understanding why the teenagers are behaving as  they are.   Even though Stephanies taking off her shoes was Russells idea, he is only an observer, just as he is an observer of adulthood - getting close, definitely curious, but not participating. He is moved by the sight: Bare feet with painted toenails on the ice - this was a desperate and beautiful sight, and I shivered and felt my fingers curling inside my gloves. Yet his status as an observer rather than a participant is confirmed in Stephanies answer when he asks her how it feels: Youll know, she said. Youll know in a few years. Her comment implies so many of the things hell know: the desperation of unrequited affection, the relentless impulse to seek new thrills, and the bad judgment of teenagers, which seems to be a powerful antidote to boredom.   When Russell goes home and sticks his arm in the snowbank, wanting to feel cold so cold the cold itself became permanently interesting, he keeps his arm there as long as he can stand it, pushing himself to the edge of thrills and adolescence. But in the end, hes still a child and not ready, and he retreats into the safety of  the bright heat of the front hallway. Snow Job In this story, snow, lies, adulthood, and thrills are all closely intertwined. The lack of snowfall in this drought winter, symbolizes Russells boredom - his lack of thrills. And in fact, as the three characters approach the submerged car, just before Stephanie announces that [t]his is exciting, snow finally begins to fall. In addition to the physical snow in (or absent from) the story, snow is also used colloquially to mean to deceive or to impress through flattery. Russell explains that Ben brings girls to visit their old, large house so [t]heyd be snowed. He continues, Snowing girls was something I knew better than to ask my brother about. And Ben spends most of the story snowing Stephanie, trying to give her a thrill. Notice that Russell, still a child, is a lousy liar. He cant snow anyone. He tells his parents an unconvincing lie about where he and Ben are going, and of course, he refuses to lie to Stephanie about whether anyone was hurt when the car sank. All of these associations with snow - lying, adulthood, thrills - come together in one of the most perplexing passages of the story. As Ben and Stephanie are whispering to each other, the narrator says: Lights were beginning to go on, and, as if that werent enough, it was snowing. As far as I was concerned, all those houses were guilty, both the houses and the people in them. The whole state of Michigan was guilty - all the adults, anyway - and I wanted to see them locked up. It is clear that Russell feels left out. He notes that Stephanie whispers in Bens ear for about fifteen seconds, which is a long time if youre watching. He can see adulthood - hes getting close - but he cant hear the whispering and probably wouldnt understand it, anyway. But why should that result in a guilty verdict for the entire state of Michigan? I think there are numerous possible answers, but here are some that come to mind. First, the lights coming on could symbolize some of Russells dawning awareness. Hes aware of the way hes been left out, hes aware that teenagers dont seem to be able to resist their own bad judgment, and hes aware of all the lies that seem to be inextricable from adulthood (even his parents, when he lies about where he and Ben are going, engage in the usual pantomime of skepticism but dont stop them, as if lying is just a part of life). The fact that its snowing - which Russell  somehow takes as an insult - could symbolize the snow job that he feels adults perpetrate on children. Hes been longing for snow, but it arrives just as hes starting to think it might not be so fabulous after all. When Stephanie says, Youll know in a few years, it sounds like a promise, but its also a prophecy, underscoring the  inevitability of Russells  eventual understanding.  After all, he has no choice but to become a teenager, and its a transition he isnt quite ready for.

Organizational Problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Problem - Assignment Example Introduction With an ever-growing population in just about every part of the United States, there is also a growing problem with criminal acts, particularly where offenders are arrested and a case comes to trial. How to review any case that comes in is important in that all the information is in a database (MIS) and properly coded for easier review to all concerned, particularly the judge. Keeping it all together between the court systems is the job of the court administrator. 1. As the new court administrator through the County Human Resource Division, a consolidation must first be made of schedules, list of personnel connected to those five court systems, and whatever current operations conducted in those systems must filter in to a main database which the court administrator handles (Allen & Sawhney 2009). This will also include the County Clerks Office and the District Attorney’s Office as well. A first examination can be made to determine what the judges of the courts spe cialize in so that most of the cases that fit the judge’s expertise will be assigned to that court. ... The District Attorney’s office must also be in on the meetings in order to make any comments or suggestions about the restructuring of case distribution (BJA 2008). At the same time, other members of the Justice system, involved in administration, should also be involved to discuss current issues with the court system as it stands. Every time a case is logged into the computer system which tags into the main database at the administrator’s office, the case is reviewed first and tagged for either a court trial or a preliminary meeting by lawyers with the judge first to see whether it is a prosecutable case. If it is not, but it does require some type of action by the judge, then it can be done right away with a judge’s signed order. However, all sides of the judicial parties must be in full agreement as to the outcome and solution, such as a remediation to a community program (BJA 2008; Dempsey & Forst 2013). Other cases, based on evidence, are definitely lined up for a courtroom appearance, such as in drug trafficking and violent crimes. All judges must agree to this procedure and how cases are viewed when first logged in, must be handled consistently across the board with approved criteria applied on each case as it comes in. This requires the system of coding the level of crime or nuisance implied by the arresting officer (BJA 2008). Additionally, lawyers involved with the defendants, must also be logged into the system, particularly to note if there are any conflicts between cases to be tried at the same time in different courts (BJA 2008; Peak 2012). As a last step, weekly or bi-weekly meetings, initially, can be held with all the judges and court personnel in order to iron out any issues which arise and need

Understanding Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding Statistics - Essay Example Understanding Statistics The ordinal scales provide no evident variation amongst the variables. This scale only evaluates the order of the values. The ordinal scales measure the concepts that are not numeric such as fulfillment, jovialness and discomfort among others. In any analysis, an individual can elucidate that number four is better than number three though the extent is not clear again, it is not easy to determine the variation between ok and happy. The interval scales encompass numeric scales that besides providing the order, they also provide the accurate differences between the variables in question. A standard example is the Celsius temperature such as the disparity between 30 and 40 degrees is 10 degrees. Time can also provide precise variations where the disparity between six and four minutes is two minutes. Ratio scales are essential in statistical evaluations to its flexibility for alterations seeking accuracy. The ratio scale can be multiplied, added, divided or subtracted and the central ten dency measures estimated. A discrete variable involves well determined set of predetermined set of probable values-states. The variables include the provision that is either â€Å"true† or †false†, the team that will win and the number of dime in a pouch amongst others. Nonetheless, the variables might appear to be discrete at one point and continuous at a different perspective. The continuous variable opts to take on a position between two extreme positions or values. Continuous variables encompass the indoor temperature, direction travelled or the water used. The discrete variable tends to depict a digital quantity whilst the continuous variable tends to be analog in quantity. According to the explanations provided on the above scales, the different statistical research studies can select any of the according to suitability for application. The continuous and the discrete variables have significance on the selection of the research methodologies to use since the experimental method would be appropriate with discrete data whilst the researches dealing with conventional aspects might find it appropriate to employ continuous variables in the research activity. The area under the normal distribution is proportional to the overall area. The total area covered in the normal curve is equivalent to one. The curves never attain the situation Y = 0 but move to the positive infinity and the negative infinity. The shape assumed by the normal curve is infinite and depends on the mean and the standard deviation. The z-score is a critical tool in data evaluation and is used to determine the extent to which a point x is high or below the population mean ?. It is the providence of the T-statistic with predetermined mean and the standard deviation. In case of interference with the degree of freedom to an extent of assuming population mean and the standard deviation from the availed sample, then it fails to be T-statistic. The percentile rank of a normally d istributed population can be estimated readily through the use of z- scores. In the e vent that the area under a curve is apportioned above and below the mean, the partitions obtained are the similar to the probability picking a value in the similar range. For instance, the area between the standard deviation above and below t

Effect of Violent Video Games on Self-Perception

Effect of Violent Video Games on Self-Perception In their 50th  volume, the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published an article named â€Å"Intense acts of violence during video game play make daily life aggression appear innocuous: A new mechanism why violent video games increase aggression† in which scientists examined the effects of violent video game play on perception of aggression regarding both the actions of one’s self as well as the actions of others, and how these altered perceptions of aggression can then lead to increased aggression in the subjects. In the first experiment the subjects played either a neutral or a violent video game and then were asked to answer questions regarding theoretical aggressive actions taken by the subject or another person. These questions gauged how seriously and how aggressive the subjects considered certain actions, such as shouting or shoving, to be when performed by others or themselves. The second experiment aimed to both reaffirm the findings of the first and further prove that decreased sensitivity to aggressive actions can directly result in an increased level of aggression in the subjects who played violent video games. The subjects again played either a violent or neutral video game, but after the video game, they were asked to decide how much chili sauce another participant would have to consume in a separate experiment. The subjects were told that there was a separate experiment and that the scientist could not choose how much chili to give the subjects in order to prevent bias. The subjects of the original experiment were informed that the subjects of the other, â€Å"fake† study did not like spice, and that they would likely not enjoy the chili. Experiment one proved to be a relative success, but also provided more questions than answers when it was shown that violent video games affect self-perception significantly harder than perception of others. As predicted, subjects who played violent video games rated behaviors as less aggressive than the control group, furthermore playing the violent video game also led to more negative mood scores. Interestingly enough, playing the violent video game did not have a statistically significant impact on the perceived aggression of theoretical actions performed by people other than themselves. In other words, playing violent video games caused subjects to perceive less aggression in their own actions but not in the actions of others. In the second experiment, the hypothesis was again supported as those who had previously played the violent video game chose to administer higher quantities of chili to who they thought were study participants that did not like spice. Essentially it was sho wn that playing a violent video game led to decreased scrutiny regarding the aggressiveness of one’s own actions and as a result led to the subjects subconsciously choosing to cause more discomfort to another person than they might have if they hadn’t played a violent video game. All in all the experiments proved to be a success, the first experiment provided sound reason to believe that playing violent video games leads to a decrease in the self-perceived aggression of our own actions, and the second experiment provided proof that a decrease in self-perceived aggression could translate into an unconscious increase in the aggression of our own actions. It seems that violent video games may have an adverse effect after all, as this study stands as evidence that playing violent video games can influence a person to regard their own aggression with less gravity and in turn act with more aggression towards other, whether they are aware of it or not.

Role of Communication in Health and Social Care

P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care environment.Communication‘Communication is about passing messages between people.’(http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/people/communicationrev1.shtml). There are different types of communication in the health and social care sector. When communication is effective the conversation is clear and no one gets confused by what the other person’s meanings. Effective communication in a health and social care environment is very important and there are many types of it.Being able to effectively communicate with the service user requires the person to be open minded in respecting other people's thoughts and opinions in avoiding passing judgment on what that person is saying. Active listening is also another form of being an effective communicator as it allows you to increase your understanding of that person's thoughts and feelings. Eye contact and facial expressions are also a form of being an effectively communicating as this shows understanding and interest in what the other person is saying, allowing one to hold the conversation for longer with more understanding and enjoyment of the conversation.Formal communication, Informal communication:Formal communication is including writing letters, emails, speaking clearly and using standard English rather than using ’slang’. This is often used to shorten terms and phrases to make it quicker o type when texting and messaging on Facebook. This is used when talking to friends and family, making sure that it isn’t used in the working environment is crucial as tit can be classed as unprofessional. Informal communication can be used in case of emergencies to contact ones manager, and can also be used when one is contacting the client once there is a good understanding between the care worker and the service user. It can help the user to feel more comfortable with the car e worker too.Forms of CommunicationTexting There are other ways of communicating with the service users such at text messaging, this is technologic communication. But this is only an effective way of communicating depending on the relationships between the sender and receiver. For example, one wouldn't text their boss to have a laugh with them, but may text them if they are running late for work or are unable to make it into work on that particular day. Although they may text a colleague whom they have befriended to discuss matters which are non-work related and can also text them to tell them they are sick or that they may need someone to cover a shift for them.Another way that it could be used is if a social worker wanted to communicate with their teenage client, they could so by coming down to their way of communicating. They may choose to do this as it's the preferred way of communicating for teenagers. An example of when this can be used is, ‘What time shall I come see yo u today?' This the teenage will not feel intimidated by the situation in which their social worker is communicating in regards to.Sign Language & Other non-verbal ways of communication.Having the capability to effectively communicate with the service user it does not only mean verbally, it means that the carer can communicate either through verbal or non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is a form of interpersonal interaction by gestures and eye movements.Non-verbal communication skills such as one’s body language and hand gestures improve relationships by helping to accurately read people's emotions understanding what they are feeling, creating trust and responding to non-verbal clues to show that you understand notice and care about what the patient is saying. In such situation where a client is deaf or hard of hearing signing is an effective way of communicating the deaf and hard of hearing. It's effective because signing is the main way to communicate with th e deaf and can sometimes be the only way of communicating with a certain deaf person as this is the only form of communication they may have learned over the years.Music & DramaMusic can be used in a health and social care environment as therapy as well as communication; it may allow service users to understand how they would like to voice their opinions. This can also allow the service user to use technology like computers and laptops to not only listen to music but also for watching dramas which also have morals and give the service user the ability to hopes and aspirations.Pictures & WritingPictures and writing would be used as communication for service users with learning difficulties to help them with speech and communication skills. They also enable the service user to see situations and life problems from a third persons view.BrailleThis is a series of raised dots that can be read with the fingers by people who are blind or whose eyesight is not sufficient for reading printed material. Teachers, parents, and others who are not visually impaired ordinarily read Braille with their eyes. Braille is not a language. Rather, it is a code by which languages such as English or Spanish may be written and read. But this allows the service user to be able to ‘read’. (http://www.rnib.org.uk/livingwithsightloss/reading/how/braille/braille/Pages/what_is_braille.aspx)Written:Newspapers –Inform you about what is going on throughout the world socially and economically. This is a form of communication via the media.Online, )Books – These can be both fiction and non-fiction. The non-fiction is things like biographies. They are communication with the outside world of what the author has done throughout his life or the incidents or crisis’s they have experienced in their lifetime.Magazines – These keep the rest if the world informed with the day to day events of the actor, singers, and other famous and popular people around the world . This is via the paparazzi, it is said that they invade their privacy to keep their fan in touch with what is going in their daily lives.Technological: This is communication that has been made easy by the development of the technology over the years.Computers – This is technology is used for communication, with this you can access the internet and a person can access social networking through this such as Yahoo, Facebook, MSN and so on.Telephone –This technology that has been designed to communicate with someone who is far away from others. They have to pay for it. Sometimes it is quite expensive but it is quite often affordable. When an individual have a mobile phone they do not need to worry about missing a phone call or. These are more modern and convenient as they come is smaller sizes and are easier to handle.P2 Discuss Theories of Communication.Theories of communicationArgyle's Communication Cycle.â€Å"According to Argyle, skilled interpersonal interaction (so cial skills) involves a cycle in which you have to translate or ‘decode' what other people are communicating and constantly adapt your own.† (Whitehouse,2007,P19)Argyle's stages of the communication cycle were when an idea occurs, message coded, message sent, message received, message decoded, message understood.The first stage is ideas occur this is the process where we think about what we are going to say and who to. The second stage, message coded, is where we think about our idea and plan what to say. The third stage is message sent, this is where we speak or sign what we are saying. The fourth stage is message received; this is where the person they are speaking to has listened to what they have to say. The fifth stage is message decoded; this is where the message can be translated if needed to. The final stage is message understood, this is where the receiver can clarify the meaning or ask any questions to clarify misunderstandings. Argyle's theory of the communica tion cycle centres on six core concepts, or, a cycle. The cycle is as follows:1. A idea occurs. For example, the service user’s idea is that they want to buy a car.2. Message coded. This would be them putting their desire of a car into whatever means they wish to communicate with. This may be a language, pictures, writing, or any other means of communication that they can think hold a conversation with.3. Message sent. Here they have communicated their desire for wanting a car.4. Message received. The person they wish to notify of their desire to have a car in this case it would be a care worker who has received our message.5. Message decoded. The service user now must take what they have said and attempt to decode it. Now, â€Å"I want a car† is pretty straight forward0000000, but remember, not everyone is as obvious as this, and this is the step where communication breakdown may occur as they may decode our message incorrectly.6. Message understood. Hopefully the las t step was effective and carer was able to understand what the service user was trying to communicate about. Now the cycle can begin anew, with the start of a new conversation. (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_Argyle_communication_cycle)Tuckman’s Stages of Group InteractionTuckman described the four distinct stages that a group can as it comes together and starts to operate. This process can be subconscious, although an understanding of the stages can help the group reach effectiveness more quickly and less painfully. â€Å"Stage 1: Forming Individual behaviour is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. Serious issues and feelings are avoided, and people focus on being busy with routines, such as team organisation, who does what, when to meet. But individuals are also gathering information and impressions – about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it. This is a comfortable stage to be in, b ut the avoidance of conflict and threat means that not much actually gets done.Stage 2: Storming Individuals in the group can only remain nice to each other for so long, as important issues start to be addressed. Some people's patience will break early, and minor confrontations will arise that are quickly dealt with or glossed over. These may relate to the work of the group itself, or to roles and responsibilities within the group. Some will observe that it's good to be getting into the real issues, whilst others will wish to remain in the comfort and security of stage 1. Depending on the culture of the organisation and individuals, the conflict will be more or less suppressed, but it'll be there, under the surface. To deal with the conflict, individuals may feel they are winning or losing battles, and will look for structural clarity and rules to prevent the conflict persisting.Stage 3: Norming As Stage 2 evolves, the â€Å"rules of engagement† for the group become establish ed, and the scope of the group’s tasks or responsibilities is clear and agreed. Having had their arguments, they now understand each other better, and can appreciate each other's skills and experience. Individuals listen to each other, appreciate and support each other, and are prepared to change pre-conceived views: they feel they're part of a cohesive, effective group.However, individuals have had to work hard to attain this stage, and may resist any pressure to change – especially from the outside – for fear that the group will break up, or revert to a storm. Stage 4: Performing Not all groups reach this stage, characterised by a state of independence and flexibility. Everyone knows each other well enough to be able to work together, and trusts each other enough to allow independent activity.Roles  and responsibilities change according to need in an almost routine way. Group identity, loyalty and morale are all high, and everyone is equally task-orientated and people-orientated. This high degree of comfort means that all the energy of the group can be directed towards the tasks in hand.Stage 5: AdjourningThis is about completion and disengagement, both from the tasks and the group members. Individuals will be proud of having achieved much and glad to have been part of such an enjoyable group. They need to recognise what they've done, and consciously move on.† (Whitehouse,2007,P19)From Tuckman’s theory it is shown that by the way that people are feeling and the views they have on different topics of discussion. It also has a big impact on if the individual feels as though they belong in that group.

Project Management Assignment - 13761 Words

Assignment 2 ------------------------------------------------- 157.246: Project Management and Systems Implementation PURPOSE 1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT PROJECT 2 FORMAT OF THIS ASSIGNMENT 3 USING MICROSOFT PROJECT IN PC COMPUTER LABORATORY 3 File SAVE and BACKUP requirements 3 Starting Microsoft Project 4 THE PALMERS GOLF COURSE PROJECT 4 Project background 4 Setting the Project Start Date 4 Setting default values 5 ï  ¶ Set Current Date 5 ï  ¶ Set the Calendar 5 ï  ¶ Set the Working Time 6 ï  ¶ Set the Project Calendar 7 ï  ¶ Set the Gantt chart bar display 8 Enter tasks in the schedule 8 Durations and Milestones 10 ï  ¶ Set Milestones 10 ï  ¶ Set Durations 10 Designating tasks and†¦show more content†¦ALL later phases of the project are based directly on the information you provide when you first plan your project. †¢ Managing changes This is an ongoing process that begins once you create a schedule and the project starts, and ends when the project is complete. It includes tracking and adjusting your schedule to reflect changes that occur as the project progresses. †¢ Communicating project information This is a very important process that involves communicating project information to clients, project staff, and management. Project management software is productivity software that will assist you in each of these steps. Many professionals find it is among the most productive tools in their skill set. Some Information Systems professionals will find it essential to their jobs while many others will use it only on an occasional basis. INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT PROJECT Project management software such as Microsoft Project helps you achieve your project goal on time and on budget. Computer software can significantly aid in project management as a tool for recording, calculating, analysing, consolidating and presenting project details. 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