Occupy Wall Street Positive Impact of the Protest...

Occupy Wall Street Occupy wall Street is a protest movement in the United States of America which began on September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York Citys wall street financial district. This group was initiated by a Canadian activist and it has led to occupy protests and movements around the world. The Occupy Wall Street movement began as a collective expression due to the current economic conditions in the United States of America. Occupy Wall Street has a slogan which is We are the 99%. This group was initiated so as to address growing income inequality and unequal distribution of wealth in the United States of America between the wealthiest who are few and the rest of the poor people who are the majority In order to achieve their goals the protestors act on consensus- based decision which is being made in general assemblies. Economic and Moral implications involved in this movement includes, Income inequality; Many Americans live below the poverty line. More than a third of those who are extremely poor are children and most of them are living with the single mothers. In the USA the population is high and people who live below the poverty line are many compared to the few who are rich. This is against the virtue theory which describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior rather than rules. High unemployment; The larger percentages of the people in the USA are jobless and this is due to lack of jobs, low paid wagesShow MoreRelatedHow Media Frame Shape Their Framing When Reporting On Domestic Versus International Protests? Essay2050 Words   |  9 Pagesoutlets adjust their framing when reporting on domestic versus international protests? In short, what role does proximity play in framing strategies? Protests are a type of political discourse and demonstration that are not unique to any region or country, even though their subject matter may be. In the following study, I will analyze existing research to focus on protests and movements such as the Occupy movement, Gezi protests, Arab Spring, Framing in the constructionist paradigm Goffman describesRead MoreDemocracy And The Age Of Information Abundance Essay1734 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy in the age of information abundance: The impact of new technologies to our democratic political system Introduction Never before, in the history of time, has our ability to collaborate and communicate on a massive scale been so achievable. (Papay Timby, 2014) With the emergence of new technologies, there are more individuals that can have better access to media and information. Experts believe that to some extent it strengthens democracy as there are more numbers of individuals takingRead MoreStreet and documentary photography captures a subject or situation in a candid moment. The theme of2200 Words   |  9 PagesStreet and documentary photography captures a subject or situation in a candid moment. The theme of the images can be broad. A portrait of a begging homeless child on a city street to a man walking his dog in an inner city park can remain under the umbrella of street and documentary photography as the photographer is capturing an honest reflection of that particular environment. The introduction of portable cameras has made it feasible for anyone with basic knowledge of how to use a camera to nowRead MoreDoes America Need Labor Unions Today?2811 Words   |  12 Pages English 102 Section 401 November 24, 2012 Does America Need Labor Unions Today? President John F. Kennedy once said, â€Å"The American Labor Movement has consistently demonstrated its devotion to the public interest. It is, and has been, good for all Americans.† Organized labor has a goal of helping workers get what they deserve in all aspects of their jobs such as salary, benefits, hours, workingRead MoreEnvironment: Energy Development and Environmental Problems11602 Words   |  47 Pagesamounts of energy to progress? Generic: possible (realistic, difficult, long term probability, short term probability) – requires discussion of impediments (acknowledging condition and trade-off: increasing amounts of energy consumption have an impact on the environment, human will and determination, human ingenuity, international cooperation) Topical: protect the environment (conservation, mitigating consequences of global warming, reforestation, alternative energy, etc), countries that requireRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 Pagestextiles exports to the main western countries jumped by 80 to 90% in the first quarter of 2005. As a result, people campaign for protectionism or a change in currency. In fact, China only represents 5.6% of the world trade in 2003 and the Chinese positive trade balance remains quite constant (On average of 31 $Billion over 7 years ). China only gets a large surplus with the US (175 Billion). In this context, Protectionism or a change in currency could bring more problems than solutions. The best guessRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesacquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabledRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesmanagement. All new opening World of International Management features written by the authors on current international management challenges; these mini-cases were prepared expressly for this edition and are not available elsewhere. Discussions of the impact of the global economic recession on international management in the opening chapter and throughout the book. New and updated discussions of offshoring and outsourcing and the globalization of human capital (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 14 and throughout casesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesper-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL WILEY (225-5945). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data HartleyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter

Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham Free Essays

A CBD is a central business district. This is the place where the majority of office blocks are and a large amount of comparison shops and shopping outlets. Also a factor that shows is that the land rent is high leading to the land being used to its full potential. We will write a custom essay sample on Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham or any similar topic only for you Order Now I predict that there are several places in chippenham that could be possible CBD’s. These are as follows: * In the upper part of the town near to the station * In the central high street * On the outskirts of town located in the bumpers farm industrial estate. Out of these I believe that the high street and the centre of the town are most likely to show characteristics of a CBD. Methodology How we can delimit the CBD of chippenham In order to find out where the CBD of chippenham is we are going to have to do one or two of several things. We will use the things that CBD’s have in common and test chippenham to find where these things are most prominent (where the CBD will be). Some of the test that we can use will be: * Finding where the pedestrian density is the highest * Where the larger frontages of the shops are * Where there are a higher amount of fast food restaurants and cafes * We could use the nearest neighbour analysis on the shops * We could use the proportion of the shops and retail outlet compared to the other land used (in the CBD) it would be higher * We could conduct a business index (if we could gain access to the buildings) We have decided that due to a limit of time and recourse we will us the following method to find the CBD of Chippenham: * We will do a pedestrian count at several sites around the centre of the town, counting the amount of people that walk past us in a minute. We will repeat this get an average. * Pace out the frontage of the shop to find if there are any with a much larger space than others (these will probably be the chain stores). * And count the number of fast food and restaurant outlets from the arches to the market place at the top of town, as this will give us an idea of where the demand for fast food is at the highest. Once we have done this we will be able to plot graphs and draw conclusion of where the CBD is. Results and graphs A graph to show the pedestrian density on the centre of Chippenham This graph shows very clearly that as we get closer to the centre of town the density of pedestrians increase which is what we would have expected. Woolworth’s is the place where the highest density is this is the middle of the high street. A graph to show the shop frontage of Chippenham town centre The largest shop frontage is on the eastern side of the street which includes Wilkinsons and Woolworth’s. The largest shop frontage appears to be in the centre of the high street also agreeing with the prediction that I made. Evaluation From the evidence we have gathered we can see that the CBD of Chippenham is the centre of town. The pedestrian count showed a higher density of people in the centre than any other location in the town. There we a high amount of fast-food outlets and cafe in the town centre but these numbers decreased the further a way form town you got. The shop frontage count showed that the majority of large shop frontages were chain outlets and the larges ones we positioned in the town centre. However there were a few exceptions like Iceland which had a high frontage but want located in the centre. We also made an observation that in the north of the town there are a high amount of solicitors and building societies. These are comparison businesses so rely on each other for their trade; this is why they are all so close together. If I were going to this experiment again I would change certain things depending on the amount of money and recourses I had available to me. I think I would try and have a higher amount of people doing the pedestrian counts so that I could have larger amounts of data. This would hopefully improve the quality and accuracy of my results. I would have done the experiment at several different times if day to find out if that had an influence of the data. The experiment was done on a temperate day so I don’t think the weather would have affected the results. I would have done the frontage of the shops with slightly more accurate equipment (measures with instruments rather than pacing). Thins may have had a bearing on the results however I think that the pacing method was fairly accurate. How to cite Delimiting the Central Business district in Chippenham, Papers

Natural Monopoly of Market Structures

Question: Discuss about the Natural Monopoly of Market Structures. Answer: Introduction There are different types of market structures which presently prevail in different economies. The basic and theoretical markets are perfectly competitive, monopoly, monopolistic, monopsony, and others. These structures are differentiated by the presence of consumers and producers in the market for a certain good or service. In case of monopoly, the number of consumers is so huge that they have no power over the determination of the price. On the other hand, the monopoly market structure is characterized by a single seller of a good or service(Lavoie, 2013). A natural monopoly is characterized by a market where the market itself possesses the potential of advocating a monopoly and creates a barrier against any new seller from entering the market. The barriers can exist because of the markets price structure, cost, geographical location, technology, or any other reason. The purpose of the essay is to find out the reasons behind the government interventions in natural monopoly and gove rnments setting the price charged by natural monopolies at the level where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve In a monopoly market there are many buyers whereas only one seller sells a certain good or service. The market structure presents a utopian situation. Due to the large number of buyers and only one seller the buyers are price takers while the seller is price maker. A monopoly situation occurs in the market due to many reasons. It can be artificially created; it can also occur naturally. Natural monopoly, in most of the cases exists due to the cost structure working as a barrier from entry by the other sellers. Unlike pure monopoly, in natural monopoly, the monopolist plays the minimal or no role in creating such a market structure(Lim, 2015). In pure monopoly, the only seller in the market creates such situations intentionally where no other seller can operate. On the other hand, in natural monopoly no such initiatives are taken by the monopolist, still the market possess some traits which work as barrier for those sellers who want to enter the market. There are various reasons why n atural monopoly exists. It can be caused by the existing economies of scale, very high amount of fixed cost, and relatively low variable costs. The economies of scale states that with the increase in production, the marginal cost of production will fall. This fall is of high magnitude. This makes entry of any new producer in the market so costly that there will be no scope for earning profit. A very high amount of fixed cost will discourage any seller from entering the market. The fixed cost is the cost incurred by the producer even if there is no production going on. Moreover, if it is accompanied with the low variable cost of production which changes as the production amount changes, the barrier becomes stronger. There are also cases where the government creates natural monopoly using policies with subsidy, taxes, and other tools as barriers. Such decisions are taken by the government to reduce the social cost and ensure efficient allocation of the resources. The Australian railway system is state wise divided. The railways of Australia were under the government for a long time. During privatization, the government gave some of its parts to the private companies. Different companies operate in different places. The whole system runs under the guidance of the government(Laurino, 2015). The government also ensures that no two companies operate at the same place as it will reduce revenue for both the companies. The number of people at a place is more or less constant. The cost of establishing a railway system is huge. Hence, creating a railway system that divides the total revenue between the two companies, while the cost doubles, will reduce social welfare. Here, production is cheaper when there is only one producer. This presents a huge potential for the monopolist to earn huge profit from operating in the market. And the situation will reduce consumer welfare as well as the social welfare. To counter this, the government has to intervene. The government works as a shield for the benefits of the consumers. The situation can be depicted as shown below. As the figure above shows, the natural monopolist has the potential of enjoying supernatural profit being at the point where his marginal revenue equals marginal cost of production. MC in the figure above represents the marginal cost curve, and the MR curve represents the marginal revenue curve(Stiglitz, 2015). A monopolist can sell the same commodity to different buyers at a different price. Hence, there are no one to one correspondence between price and output in monopoly. As a result, there is no demand curve in monopoly. The average revenue curve (AR) is thus considered as the demand curve. The monopolist charges the price Pm and delivers output Qm in order to maximize profit. At the same time the monopolist could opt for maximizing revenue. In that case the revenue maximizing condition would equal the producers average revenue and average cost. The producer could offer output of Qr at price level Pr. From the figure, it can be seen that Pm is greater than Pr, whereas, Qr is grea ter than Qm. Hence, from the above situation it can be observed that due to the difference in the market structure the consumer pays more for fewer goods in monopoly(Simon, 2015). The government intervention in the case of natural monopoly is thus needed to make the market fair for the consumer as there are no other ways for the consumer or even the society to get any benefit in the natural monopoly structure. In the case where the average cost curve or average total cost curve is intersected by the average revenue curve, the consumers get more quantity at lower prices. This average revenue curve works as the demand curve for a monopolist. In terms of benefit, the consumer gets the maximum amount of quantity at a price which is much lower than the monopoly price. The consumer surplus remains unaffected here. The producer earns normal profit. There is no cost for the society. The social welfare is the maximum. In case of the natural monopoly, the producers benefit is that he gets to maximize his profit and earns a supernormal profit. The consumers get to pay more prices and get fewer amount of output. This reduces the consumer surplus. The producer surplus may increase from the previous situation. But in the whole process, a certain portion of the welfare is not acquired by any of the market agents. This portion is considered as the social cost of monopoly. This reduces the economys efficie ncy. Hence, in terms of benefits, only the producer gets benefited here as the consumer and the society loses their respective benefits. In terms of cost, the natural monopoly costs to the consumer and the society. The scarce resources are used by the producer to get less output at higher price. This reduces the economys efficiency level. The burden of this cost is not shared by the monopolist. If the government interferes in this situation and creates a policy which states that the price level has to be where the demand curve or the average total cost curve intersects with the average revenue curve, it will work as a price ceiling(Scitovsky, 2013). The monopolist cannot charge the price beyond this price ceiling. This reduces the cost of the consumer and the society, whereas, the producers cost of production increases as he is producing more output. The market structure was supposed to decrease efficiency in the natural monopoly scenario. The government setting the price where the average total cost and the average revenue is equal, introduces the market to a different market structure altogether. This new market structure works as revenue maximizing one, just like in a perfectly competitive market. The government changes the market structure for the benefit of the consumers and the society. This market structure will ensure that there is no dead weight loss. The market being a natural monopoly, presents no scope for the competitors to enter the market, this makes the single producer in the market the price maker. He can make any price he wants. The government setting the price level at revenue maximizing output will balance the market structure and make it more like revenue maximising structure. The dead weight loss which could affect the market from extra cost and reduced by the government intervention can be shown in the figu re below. In the figure above, the red zone represents the dead weight loss which might appear in the society due to choosing the market structure of natural monopoly. On the other hand, if the government ensures that the producer is producing at the point where the average revenue and average total cost curve intersects each other, the dead weight loss becomes zero. In other words, if the market structure changes to that of a perfectly competitive market due to government intervention, the dead weight loss zone disappears(Redmond, 2013). In the given example of Australian railways, due to privatization, some of the rail routes are under the private companies. No two companies operate at the same place, which creates the situation of the natural monopoly. Now if any of the company starts to increase the price of the tickets, the company can increase its profits. But the railway system was created by the government in order to provide benefits to the consumers(Schubert, 2013). Thus, the government intervenes in the price making system and sets the price level at the output level where the average revenue is equal to the average total cost. This benefits the consumers and the society as a whole. The cost incurred by the society becomes zero and the cost incurred by the producer becomes equal to its average revenue, giving the producer the chance of earning normal profit. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the government intervention in the cases of natural monopolies is thus targeted at reducing the social cost or the dead weight loss and help the consumers to afford a good or service. The natural monopoly situation offers a price level which is much higher than the price level in revenue maximizing situation where the government might set the price level to give the consumers a fair market scenario. The Australian government follows the same procedure in order to reduce the dead weight loss and help the consumers by fixing the price at the output level where the demand and the average revenue is equal. If this government intervention was absent from the Australian railway systems pricing strategy, then the profit maximizing price and quantity combination might have led the market to a failure due to inefficient resource allocation by the monopolists. This benefits the society and the consumers. Bibliography Laurino, A. R. (2015). The economic regulation of railway networks: A worldwide survey. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. Lavoie, M. (2013). Teaching post-Keynesian economics in a mainstream department. Lim, C. S. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments. Stanford : Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, mimeo, November. Redmond, W. (2013). Three modes of competition in the marketplace. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 423-446. Schubert, C. (2013). Is novelty always a good thing? Towards an evolutionary welfare economics. In The Two Sides of Innovation. Springer International Publishing. Scitovsky, T. (2013). Welfare Competition. Routledge., (Vol. 103). Simon, H. (2015). Prices and Decisions. In Confessions of the Pricing Man . Springer International Publishing. Stiglitz, J. E. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. . WW Norton Company.